Business Plan on Benefits Elections System

A Benefits Elections System is a system that is usually controlled by the Human Resources and it allows the employees to change some of their benefits like insurance and other benefits that they may be enjoying in the company. (Keller, Siegrist Gutscher, 2008) There are several considerations that are necessary to be addressed when considering the possible security requirements and the possible risks which are associated with the Benefits Elections Systems. Some of the things that need to be considered include: The complexities involved When setting up the project, care should be taken to ensure that all the requirements of the benefits election system are taken into consideration. The complexities should not be ignored. There should be a proper allocation of resources so as to incorporate all the requirements. If any of the requirements is left unattended to then the whole project is likely to get stalled before completion (Keller, Siegrist Gutscher, 2008) Time consumption The project should have an accurate timetable that should be followed to the later. If the timetable is not properly followed then the project might not be completed in time. The timetable should indicate all the activities to be carried out and the time that is allocated for every activity in the project design. Each phase should be completed within the stipulated time limit. Untimely errors during the implementation process The project designers should ensure that they put some provision for the errors. This will help to control the errors whenever they occur during the implementation process. The Benefits election system should be tested from the environment in which it is to be deployed so as to ensure that the system works properly and meets all the needs of the users and also ensure that users are familiarized with its use. The security requirements for the implementation of the Benefits Elections Systems will be addressed within the following contexts: The specifications of the operational environment The operational environment needs to be taken into consideration since it will determine the types of security measures that need to be put in place. Diagrams which will be specifying trust and risk boundaries. This will be achieved through the use of dataflow diagrams These diagrams will help to show the flow of events and the progress of the project so as to ensure that there is a timely completion of all the phases involved in the design process. Specifications of the resources and an outline of their capabilities. All the resources that are to be used in the project should be properly defined so as to ensure that cases of lack of sufficient resources do not occur during the implementation process. A comparison of the resources specifications to users of resources which are being implemented within the set requirements Possible points of a breach in security by cyber attacks and also analysis of the cyber attack profile. Scenario cases of misuse The security requirements will describe the functional and non-functional requirements that should be satisfied in order to achieve the security attributes of the system The security requirements can be formulated at different abstraction levels. The security requirements that can be used include: Secure Functional Requirements – This requirement can be derived from misuse cases and it usually describes what shall not happen. It is integrated into each of the functional requirements. Functional Security Requirements – it can be derived from the best practices, policies and regulations of the system. It involves the security services that need to be achieved by the system which is being described. It includes: authenticating the system, authorization, performing server clustering and making of back-ups. Non-Functional Security Requirements – they are related to the architectural requirements. It includes the robustness of the system and is derived from the architectural principles of the system and good standards. Secure Development Requirements – they describe the required activities and ensure that the system is not subject to vulnerabilities. Includes data classification and test methodologies. Project Plan The systems development Life Cycle This stage starts with the commencement of the system planning process and continues to the system acquisition and development, implementation, operations and maintenance and ends with the deposition of the system. (Schneier, 2008) There are some specific security decisions which must be made throughout the process so as to ensure that the system is secure. Some of the stages include: Initiation phase This begins with determining the need for the system. During this time the organization defines the security requirements. The approval decisions made by the management are done at this stage. Information which is obtained at this point can be used to estimate the cost of the whole system and also the cost of the security measures to be implemented. The organization also establishes security categorization and conducts a risk assessment for the information system being developed. (Schneier, 2008) Depending on the size of the project, this stage can take between 2 weeks to 2 months. The duration that it may take depends on negotiations and decisions that need to be made. Implementation stage During this time, the system is installed and an evaluation is done in the organization’s operational environment. This stage takes most of the time for the design process. It may take between 1 6 months depending on the size of the project. During the implementation stage, a smooth transition has to be implemented so that the staff is familiarized with the new system (Schneier, 2008). Operations/Maintenance Phase This stage involves modifications to the system so that it meets all the needs of the employees. It takes place after the implementation stage and continues throughout the life cycle of the system (Schneier, 2008). References Bruce Schneier, Beyond Fear.(2008) Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World, Copernicus Books Goldwasser, S. Micali, and C. Rackoff (1989) The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof Systems, SIAM J. Computing, vol. 18, num. 1, pp. 186–208 Keller, C., Siegrist, M., Gutscher, H. (2006) The Role of the Affect and Availability Heuristics in Risk Communication. Risk Analysis, Vol. 26, No. 3

A Brief Note On The Fashion Industry And Films - 1615 Words

Cosmetology Essay Before the first century, beauty has been a big part of society, enhancing or modifying certain features has been a part of what is considered beautiful. A strong point I have in this business is make-up. My main goal is to do editorial work for the fashion industry and films. With taking the humans simple form and enhancing the person’s appearance using cosmetics, with the help of cosmetologist to create effects and characters (â€Å"Makeup Artist Job Description†). People may think it’s just hair, but there’s more to it and can lead to more opportunities. Cosmetologist are specialized in many different departments of beauty, providing professional editorial help for people and special effects for movies or other projects. Since the idea making ourselves look better has been around forever now, the first person to be a cosmetologist can be debatable since records about this profession don’t back that far, but the first ones to mix ingredients together that were meant to beautify someone’s look were the Egyptians. The article explains that the first to pay attention on how to beautify the human body to a great scale and have it as a priority were the Egyptians. On a daily use, make up was used for events or ceremony’s that were help (â€Å"History of Cosmetology†). They tried every way to emphasize the human’s beauty to the fullest extent. â€Å"Egyptians were also known to be the first to use kohl–made from a ground mix of a black mineral called galena, sulfur, andShow MoreRelatedToo Big to Fail: The 2008 World Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath1779 Words   |  7 PagesFor many weeks, there was near-constant infighting and partisan bickering between the two political parties regarding the agreement. 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The National Health and Safety Standards-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Identify and discuss the Clinical Practice Issues of concern in Bettys Care during her Hospitalisation. 2.Identify all National Health and Safety Standards that have been breached in Bettys care and discuss how these standards have been breached. 3.From the list of identified National Health and Safety Standards you have identified in question 2, choose two (2) standards, and discuss how those 2 standards could have been maintained by the healthcare staff in the delivery of care to Betty and her family during her hospitalisation. 4.Based on your 2 chosen standards, what recommendations would you make for changes to health care practice at the ward level? Support your recommendations with rationales supported by evidence-based literature. Answers: 1.Betty has been admitted to the hospital care unit due to the fact that she has been suffering from breathing trouble and chest congestion. After she was admitted to the hospital, the immediate diagnosis declared that he has been suffering from pneumonia. The major clinical practice issues, in this case, is due to the fact that Betty is an aged individual and she is currently suffering from multiple medical concerns including hypertension, asthma, osteoarthritis and hypercholesterolemia. It can be said in the context that most of the people are not able to get the proper forms of medical treatment on several occasions due to age related complications (Ackley et al., 2016). After her diagnosis was done, she was admitted to the respiratory ward of the hospital. The ward of the hospital has four beds and the aged lady was given the bed at the extreme corner of the room. This will raise the clinical issues due to the fact that it will not be possible for the lady to move freely. Moreover, as the location of the bed is much away from the nurses wards it may not be possible for them to provide with immediate care during the time of emergency. It is also important for the nurses to keep a well-maintained track and record of the medication that has been provided to the patient (Alkon et al., 2016). Nevertheless, in the given case it has been seen that the nursing staffs are not able to remember about the medication that has been provided to the patient. The medication chart is one of the important medical records that are needed in case of all future references for providing medical treatment. In the given case, the lack of the medication chart is one of the major clinical issues. Moreover, due to her age, it may not be possible for Betty to keep a track of her mental health. Hence, the clinical issue in this context is due to the fact that the nurses have to keep a track record of the activities of the patient (Camicia et al., 2013). It has been seen in the case that the nurse had not given the extra care that is needed to deal with Betty in order to deal with the mental disturbance issue. It was important in these cases for the nurse to provide the mental support and assurance to the patient that can help them during the time of recovery. Due to the negligence of the nurse, Betty had to suffer the consequence of laceration and suffer from high level of bleeding. This also resulted in the hip fracture of the patient that was diagnosed from the X-ray report of the patient. After considerable discussion with the patients daughter, the doctor had decided to conduct a surgery for the fractured hip of the patient. However, four days after the surgery was over, it was noted that the patient has not displayed much sign of improvement. On the contrary, it was observed that bad odour was spreading from the surgical site. Hence, it can be said that decision of conducting the surgery owing to the condition of the patient was not done in proper manner. The clinical condition of the patient worsen due to the fact that proper care was taken for the recovery of the patient during the period of post-surgery. 2.The standards of the National Health and Safety Standards have been issued by the health care department of the Australian government. This was done in collaboration and coordination with the group of the judicial commission along with that of the stakeholder groups of healthcare (Gulanick Myers, 2013). The main purpose of these health standards is to ensure that quality and safety standards of the health care are being maintained and it is possible for the patients to get the best quality of healthcare service. It is also possible to monitor the organizational performance of the healthcare sector and also that of an individual nurse with the help of the parameters of these standards ("Accreditation and the NSQHS Standards | Safety and Quality", 2017). The standard 3 of the National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards is about Preventing and controlling of Healthcare associated infection. This will help to ensure that the patients are kept in the neat and healthy environment can prevent the risk of disease from being spread. In the given case study, there has been a clear breach of this standard. It has been seen that there has been seen that in spite of her vulnerable condition Betty has not been kept in the clean and safe environment within the hospital.("Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care", 2017). Safety measures also were not incorporated during the time of surgery that had resulted in the worsening condition in the post-surgery period.The standard of preventing falls and harm from the falls also has been violated in the context due to the fact that the patient has suffered from the accident during the night time. This is also the clear violation of the standard 10 and 9, which is "Preventing Fal ls and Harm from the falls" and "Recognizing and responding to Clinical Deterioration in Acute healthcare("Accreditation and the NSQHS Standards | Safety and Quality", 2017).Due to the violation of these code of conduct, it was not possible for Betty to get the best care from the administration of hospital. This is due to the fact that the nurses have not been able to respond properly according to the deterioration of the mental condition of the patient. The standard 4 is about Medication Safety. It is important for the nurse and the health workers to keep track of the medication that has bee provided to the patient that can help them as the reference source for future treatments("Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care", 2017). In the given case, however, the nurses have violated the protocol of this standard by not keeping a note of the medication that was given to the patient at the emergency ward.Proper documentation of the medication can also ensure that safety is being maintained while prescribing to the patients. The patient also needs to be informed about the medication that has prescribed. This will ensure that the patient will be aware of the side-effects that are associated and thereby able to take proper intervention steps("Accreditation and the NSQHS Standards | Safety and Quality", 2017 and Standard, 2012). In the given case, it has been seen that the nurses have not followed the steps of the proper identification. It is the duty of the clinical leaders to specify the needs of the individual patients according to their current medical condition. The nurse has not been able to identify the case ofBetty and also the critical nature of her medical condition. This will not allow the nurse to provide the right kind of intervention measures that are needed. Without the process of patient identification, it may not be possible for the health workers to properly match the needed requirements of the medical treatment process (Castellan et al., 2016). The breaches within the clinical process and also within the safety process have comprised the level of quality health service for the case of Betty("Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care", 2017). 3.It is important for the healthcare centres to avoid the breaching of the healthcare code in order to ensure the safety of the patient. In the case of Betty, one of the major breaches that have been identified is the lack of patients safety from the nurses and other healthcare workers. In the given case, there has been a clear breach of the standard 9 and 10 of the National Health and Safety Standards. It is important for the nurse of an organization to respond to medical deteriorated condition of a patient. This can be achieved by regular monitoring process of vulnerable patient. (Morton et al., 2017). The health care organization needs to implement the special policy that will ensure that none of the patients had to suffer due to negligence. There are various patients admitted to the hospital, who are more vulnerable due to their age related issues and physical or mental challenges. Hence, they are at the risks of facing worse medical condition. Special care also needs to give for the patients, who are being admitted to the emergency ward with critical condition. Moreover, due to the high-pressure situation of in t he emergency department, it may not be possible for the nurse to keep a track of the medical treatment that is being provided to the patients. Hence, it is important for the hospital management to allocate the skilled and experienced nurse to perform the duty in the emergency ward. The nurses and the healthcare workers need to have the skill of maintaining the record that can be used in cases similar to that of Betty for future purpose. From the sides of the management of the hospital, it is necessary for them to improve upon the infrastructure related to the healthcare information system. This will help the nurse and other healthcare workers to have the ability to keep track of the medication that is being given to the patient. The nurses also need to have sufficient knowledge about the use of the medication and also the proper dosage that is necessary according to the current and past medical condition of the patients. They also have to provide the efforts for the aged individuals like the case of Betty, who is also suffering from the mental disorders. The healthcare organization need to appoint mental health care nurses, who will have the ability to make the patient feel comfortable with the hospital environment. It is important from the perspective of the hospital to invest in awareness and training program for the nurses. This is one of the important steps for improving up on safety skills within the hospital working staffs (Boyd Sheen, 2014). The breach within the safety is also associated bridging the conduct of preventing fall and the harm associated with fall. In the case of Betty, this thing is mainly applicable due to her age and the risk of fall that is associated due to her age and limited functioning ability. It is important to follow all the major safety protocols in order to minimize the harmful effect associated with fall and injuries of the patient within the hospital (Moorhead et al., 2014). It is important to keep all the vulnerable patients like aged individuals under 24-hour strict surveillance. This will ensure that they do not have to carry out any movement activities on their own. The nurses should have improved level of communication in order to understand the exact requirement and trouble of the patient. This will help them to provide maximum assistance. Nevertheless, in many cases like that of Betty, it is not possible for the patient to properly communicate with the attending nurse due to the mental stress and poor mental ill condition. Hence, it is important for the hospital to recruitment mental health counsellors, who will have the ability to properly communicate with the patient and also understand their exact mental and physical condition. In the given case, it was seen that the patient has been kept in an isolated bed away from nurse's ward. Hence, it is important to plan properly about the location of the bed in the hospital, which will ensure that all beds are easily accessible to the nurse and allow them to immediately intervene during the time of emergency (Doenges et al., 2014). There are various risks that are associated with fall. This includes the risk of injuries, bone fracture and muscle cramps. For aged people any minor injuries can we prove fatal due to the fact that their body does not have the capability of full recovery. Proper documentation of all the risks that are associated with the fall is also and necessary intervention that needs to be implemented. There also should be a strict protocol for all nurses who are responsible for monitoring the condition of the patient. The bed of the patient especially the aged individual should be designed in a proper manner in order to avoid the risk of fall (Vandervoort et al., 2014). The fall prevention plan is one of the important accessory official steps that are needed in order to deal with the harmful consequence and injuries that can compromise upon the health condition of the patient. Proper equipment and instruments are the basic infrastructures that the Healthcare institution need to have in order to provide full assistance to the physically disabled patient, like that of Betty that can help them to prevent the consequence of fall. Quality management planning is also an important part of fall prevention that the patients are provided with immediate health care support in the emergency department during any unprecedented accidents. With the help of the proper documentation, it is possible to prepare and advance planning and duty allocation of the nurses, which will help the hospital management to identify any negligence during the time of the accident with the patients (Elo, 2017). Hence, with the help of proper documentation and nursing protocol guidelines, it is possible for the Healthcare Institute to use relevant literature for helping the patient get the best quality of health care service. 4. In order to implement the changes in the policies for preventing any Healthcare breach, it is important for the hospital to properly monitor all the activities of the nurses and other Healthcare workers. The management of the hospital needs to implement proper monitoring system in order to evaluate the performance of individual nurse (Lehne Rosenthal, 2014). This thing can be achieved with the help of patient survey, where every patient and the family will be enquired about the experience they have gained from the health care service of the hospital and also the behavior of the nurse and Hospital staffs (Brazil et al., 2017). From the guidelines of the nursing protocols, it is clear that proper training and guidance should be provided to every nurse in order to ensure that they are able to properly communicate with the patient and their family and also understand their needs. They also need to have professional guidance in order to avoid all type of negligence is that can compromise upon the health condition of the critical patient. They also need to have the skill of proper data documentation that can help them to ensure full safety of the patient and use all their information of medical history for providing future treatments (Magrabi et al., 2013).It is important for the hospital to keep proper documentation of the National Health and Safety Standards that can help them to deal with the all the major challenges in the healthcare service. This will also help them to easily monitor the breach within the standards that can compromise upon the quality of the healthcare (Matney et al., 2016). References Accreditation and the NSQHS Standards | Safety and Quality.(2017). Safetyandquality.gov.au. Retrieved 19 August 2017, from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/assessment-to-the-nsqhs-standards/ Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., Makic, M. B. F. (2016).Nursing Diagnosis Handbook-E-Book: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care.Elsevier Health Sciences. Alkon, A., Rose, R., Wolff, M., Kotch, J. B., Aronson, S. S. (2016). Health and Safety Checklist for Early Care and Education Programs to Assess Key National Health and Safety Standards.Maternal and child health journal, 20(1), 114-127. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care.(2017). Safetyandquality.gov.au. Retrieved 20 August 2017, from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/ Boyd, L., Sheen, J. (2014). The national safety and quality health service standards requirements for orientation and induction within Australian Healthcare: A review of the literature. Asia Pacific journal of health management, 9(3), 31-37. Brazil, K., Carter, G., Cardwell, C., Clarke, M., Hudson, P., Froggatt, K., ... Kernohan, W. G. (2017). Effectiveness of advance care planning with family carers in dementia nursing homes: A paired cluster randomized controlled trial. Palliative Medicine, 0269216317722413. Camicia, M., Chamberlain, B., Finnie, R. R., Nalle, M., Lindeke, L. L., Lorenz, L., ... Jones, T. (2013). The value of nursing care coordination: A white paper of the American Nurses Association. Nursing outlook, 61(6), 490-501. Castellan, C., Sluga, S., Spina, E., Sanson, G. (2016). Nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions as measures of patient complexity and nursing care requirement in Intensive Care Unit. Journal of advanced nursing, 72(6), 1273-1286. Doenges, M. E., Moorhouse, M. F., Murr, A. C. (2014).Nursing care plans: Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span. FA Davis. Elo, A. (2017). Designing a Nursing Care Plan Application for Nursing Education in Finland. Gulanick, M., Myers, J. L. (2013).Nursing Care Plans-E-Book: Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention.Elsevier Health Sciences. Lehne, R. A., Rosenthal, L. (2014).Pharmacology for Nursing Care-E-Book.Elsevier Health Sciences. Magrabi, F., Aarts, J., Nohr, C., Baker, M., Harrison, S., Pelayo, S., ... Coiera, E. (2013). A comparative review of patient safety initiatives for national health information technology.International journal of medical informatics, 82(5), e139-e148. Matney, S. A., Dolin, G., Buhl, L., Sheide, A. (2016).Communicating nursing care using the health level seven consolidated clinical document architecture release 2 care plan.CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 34(3), 128-136. Moorhead, S., Johnson, M., Maas, M. L., Swanson, E. (2014).Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)-E-Book: Measurement of Health Outcomes.Elsevier Health Sciences. Morton, P. G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C. M., Gallo, B. M. (2017).Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Standard, Q. I. G. (2012).Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Vandervoort, A., Houttekier, D., Vander Stichele, R., van der Steen, J. T., Van den Block, L. (2014). Quality of dying in nursing home residents dying with dementia: does advanced care planning matter? A nationwide postmortem study.PloS one, 9(3), e91130.

Women In Combat In this report, I will present the Essays

Women In Combat In this report, I will present the information I've discovered concerning whether allowing women to serve in combat units will reduce a units effectiveness. Women in today's military serve in more jobs and constitute the largest percent of women in the military they ever have. Four years ago women only made up 12 percent of the military, this has climbed from 1.6 percent in 1973 (Armed Forces and Society, 1996, p. 17). They also hold more jobs than ever before. In 1991, congress Women In Combat In this report, I will present the information I've discovered concerning whether allowing women to serve in combat units will reduce a units effectiveness. Women in today's military serve in more jobs and constitute the largest percent of women in the military they ever have. Four years ago women only made up 12 percent of the military, this has climbed from 1.6 percent in 1973 (Armed Forces and Society, 1996, p. 17). They also hold more jobs than ever before. In 1991, congres s Women In Combat In this report, I will present the information I've discovered concerning whether allowing women to serve in combat units will reduce a units effectiveness. Women in today's military serve in more jobs and constitute the largest percent of women in the military they ever have. Four years ago women only made up 12 percent of the military, this has climbed from 1.6 percent in 1973 (Armed Forces and Society, 1996, p. 17). They also hold more jobs than ever before. In 1991, congress Women In Combat In this report, I will present the information I've discovered concerning whether allowing women to serve in combat units will reduce a units effectiveness. Women in today's military serve in more jobs and constitute the largest percent of women in the military they ever have. Four years ago women only made up 12 percent of the military, this has climbed from 1.6 percent in 1973 (Armed Forces and Society, 1996, p. 17). They also hold more jobs than ever before. In 1991, cong ress Women In Combat In this report, I will present the information I've discovered concerning whether allowing women to serve in combat units will reduce a units effectiveness. Women in today's military serve in more jobs and constitute the largest percent of women in the military they ever have. Four years ago women only made up 12 percent of the military, this has climbed from 1.6 percent in 1973 (Armed Forces and Society, 1996, p. 17). They also hold more jobs than ever before. In 1991, congress Women In Combat In this report, I will present the information I've discovered concerning whether allowing women to serve in combat units will reduce a units effectiveness. Women in today's military serve in more jobs and constitute the largest percent of women in the military they ever have. Four years ago women only made up 12 percent of the military, this has climbed from 1.6 percent in 1973 (Armed Forces and Society, 1996, p. 17). They also hold more jobs than ever before. In 1991, c ongress Women In Combat In this report, I will present the information I've discovered concerning whether allowing women to serve in combat units will reduce a units effectiveness. Women in today's military serve in more jobs and constitute the largest percent of women in the military they ever have. Four years ago women only made up 12 percent of the military, this has climbed from 1.6 percent in 1973 (Armed Forces and Society, 1996, p. 17). They also hold more jobs than ever before. In 1991, congress Women In Combat In this report, I will present the information I've discovered concerning whether allowing women to serve in combat units will reduce a units effectiveness. Women in today's military serve in more jobs and constitute the largest percent of women in the military they ever have. Four years ago women only made up 12 percent of the military, this has climbed from 1.6 percent in 1973 (Armed Forces and Society, 1996, p. 17). They also hold more jobs than ever before. In 1991 , congress Women In Combat In this report, I will present the information I've discovered

Population Statistics Of Mexico Essays - Mexico, Rain,

Population Statistics of Mexico Mexico is a growing country, who's population is gradually increasing every year by around 3? percent each year. In 1940, the population was recorded at 19,654,000 people. This population then increased to 25,791,000 people in 1950. This indicates a growth of 6,137,000 people in just a decade. The population in 1960 was then recorded at 34,923,000 people. This new raise indicated a growth of 9,132,000 people in another decade. In 1970, the population grew to 48,377,000 people; a rise of 13,45,400 people in ten years. The population of 1980 was recorded at 67,382,000 people. This indicated a rise of 19,005,000 people, in one decade. The current population in 1990 at 88,598,000 people showed a rise of 21,216,000 people in just ten years! The year 2000's estimation of the population of Mexico is set at 107,233,000 people. That would mean a rise of 18,635,000 people in a decade, showing that the population growth rate is slowly decreasing. The growth rate of Mexico is the result of its traditionally high birth rate, and its sharply reduced death rate. Many more people are being born, than dying. This causes a great increase in population each year. Since the 1930's, improved living conditions and expanded health services has cut the death rate by more than half, thus causing the population to increase every year since the 1940's. Perhaps now the Government's only chief problem is trying to provide housing , jobs, and schools for the rapidly increasing population. Therefore the government has tried to tell people to limit the amount kids they have (although no law has been placed under act.) Another reason for population increase in the past 60 years is due to the fact that the majority of Mexico's population is Roman Catholic. And in this religion, no birth control is practised, leading to many unwanted pregnancies, and an increase in population. Families also prefer having more children, so they can work on the fields for them, and bring in money. This also causes a rise in population. In the area of comparing the indexed data of Canada, the United States of America, and Mexico, Mexico's rise was extremely drastic compared to the other two countries. Canada and the United States of America had relatively the same vertical climb, going from about 100-250 (Canada being the bigger increased one). Mexico's however went from 100 all the way up to 550, which is shown on the graph. The baby booms, fitness booms, and all the other fads increased the population growth rate of Canada and the United States of America, but had no comparison to the immense growth of Mexico. Mexico began it's major increase during the early 1970's, and still has yet to start slowing down it's growth rate. Mexico's growth rate will stay around the same for the next few years, maybe slowing down slightly, due to the impact of the recession, which posed many problems, for every country in the world. Mexico occupies one million, nine-hundred twenty-three thousand and forty square kilometres. Its climate ranges from Tropical (in the southerly regions) to desert (in the more North-Eastern regions). According to the 1990 population census, it has a population of 88.598 million people. It has an average population of about forty-seven people per square kilometre. Most of Mexico's population is located in South-Central Mexico, around Mexico City (Mexico's Capital City). This specific part of Mexico has over 100 people per square kilometre. This area ranges from about. 200 metres to approximately 500 metres above sea level. In the sub-tropical area of Mexico with a lot of flat land and good soil for agriculture. There are many reasons for the majority of Mexico's population being located here and not somewhere else in the country. One of the main reasons is climate. In the Northern areas, there is a desert climate with very little or no rain. In the area where the main population is located, there is a sub-tropical climate that has distinct wet and dry seasons but still provides a good amount of annual precipitation. This leads to another reason which is availability of water (due to tropical and sub- tropical climate). Due to an influx of environment-polluting industries along with the country's (sometimes) harsh environment, much of Mexico's water supply is very polluted. Water is needed for life and there for where there is no water, there is no life. In the desert areas, there is basically no water. When there is water up here, it is too polluted for consumption. In the central (mountainous) areas

What Is Source Code in Computer Programming

What Is Source Code in Computer Programming Source  code is the list of human-readable instructions that a programmer writes- often in a word processing program- when he is developing a program. The source code is run through a  compiler  to turn it into machine code, also called object code, that a computer can understand and execute. Object code consists primarily of 1s and 0s, so it isnt human-readable.   Source Code Example Source code and object code are the before and after states of a computer program that is compiled. Programming languages that compile their code include C, C, Delphi, Swift, Fortran, Haskell, Pascal and many others. Here is an example of C  language source code: /* Hello World program */#includestdio.hmain(){printf(Hello World)} You dont have to be a computer programmer to tell that this code has something to do with printing Hello World. Of course, most source code is much more complex than this example. It is not unusual for software programs to have millions of lines of code. Windows 10 operating system is reported to have about 50 million lines of code. Source Code Licensing Source code can be either proprietary or open. Many companies closely guard their source code. Users can use the compiled code, but they cannot see or modify it. Microsoft Office is an example of proprietary source code. Other companies post their code on the internet where it is free to anyone to download. Apache OpenOffice is an example of open source software code. Interpreted Program Languages Code Some programming languages such as JavaScript are not compiled into machine code but are  interpreted  instead. In these cases, the distinction between source code and object code does not apply because there is only one code. That single code is the source code, and it can be read and copied. In some cases, developers of this code may intentionally encrypt it to prevent viewing. Programming languages that are interpreted include Python, Java, Ruby, Perl, PHP, Postscript, VBScript and many others.

Elementary School Observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Elementary School Observation - Essay Example Most of the curriculum was centered around counting and the alphabet. The kids did have the opportunity to explore their creative sides by doing art projects, playing with Legos, and working on the computer. It was necessary for the teacher to break up the day into smaller chunks because the kids became restless quickly. After spending the first hour with the teacher, the students broke off into smaller learning groups of 5-7 children monitored by the teacher and her aides. The classroom was very clean and the supplies were readily available. There was a variety of learning tools for the students to use. Puzzles, blocks, and Legos were the tools most frequently used. All of the tools were well organized in bins. Overall, the classroom was well-organized. According to Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning, a child exhibiting bad behavior can be trained to behave. Middle childhood falls under stages 1 and 2 of Kohlberg’s theory of Preconventional Morality. In Stage 1, children follow rules to avoid punishment. In Stage 2, children follow rules for their own benefit (reward). (Feldman 2006). The reward system figures very prominently into a Kindergarten classroom. Children can collect prizes for doing their work well and staying on task. Conversely, they lose their chance to win prizes when they cause disruptions and refuse to do work. Children at this stage of development are seeking to establish their own identity. Self-esteem may play a role in how children view their relationships with their peers. According to Feldman, â€Å"Sometimes children make downward social comparisons with others who are obviously less competent or successful to raise or protect their own self-esteem.† Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages can be broken down as follows: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame or Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs.

Personal development planing 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personal development planing 2 - Essay Example Hearing her talk about her future sometimes makes me wonder how we could even be considered on the same path. Another friend of mine wants to work in management for a football club. He is obsessed with the sport, a sport that he is horrible at playing but loves watching. He feels that management in a club would be like working a dream job because he could be so close to the sport that he loves. I enjoy a good match every few days, but working in this environment seems to be very limited in scope, yet we are essentially on the same pathway. I see my future in my family business back home in Saudi Arabia. We have a diverse group of businesses that manages governmental contracting, infrastructure development, agricultural development and financial services such as insurance and investment. I am fortunate in that I have many opportunities available to me that most of my classmates do not have available to them. I do not believe that I have it any easier than my classmates, however. Not e veryone has a father that would willingly give them a high position in a construction firm or a financial services industry no matter how qualified. I know that my father would provide a position for me even if I did poorly at school and needed to drop out. That is not the person I wish to be, however. I want to do well within the family business and I have a desire to be an able manager in whatever position comes available. My first choice is to work in the infrastructure development branch of the company. Planning and implementing massive projects such as bridges, airports, desalinization plants and highways sounds exciting to me. This is my destination, but I need to follow the same pathway my classmates with different dreams have to follow. I can see that so far, one of the most important employability skills to development is a sense of integrity and an ethical sensitivity towards business decision making. I know that once I am working as a manager for my family company, I will be working with officials from the government because this is the single largest client for my family’s firm. Being dishonest in my dealings with these officials could do a lot of damage to my family’s company. One of the factors that come into play when bidding for government sponsored work in Saudi Arabia is the reputation for honesty the company has built up over generations. Acting without integrity could harm that reputation for many years to come. Integrity is important in a manager because I have learned that people in positions of leadership are often held to a higher standard than others. This may not be fair, because no one is perfect, but I have learned as I have travelled along this pathway that management is leadership and leadership requires faultless integrity if the support of subordinates is to be gained. A large part of my future career and something that I have enjoyed studying in this pathway is the ability to think critically and to apply problem- solving solutions to real life situations. As a manager in the family business, I will be confronted with a steady stream of problems to solve. What to do when suppliers do not come through with essential parts, how to resolve a conflict between supervisors and employees and operating within a budget while managing fluctuating supply and commodity prices are just a few of the problems I will need to solve. I have enjoyed the problems presented in some of my modules. I especially have been entertained and enlightened

Power in Language and Culture Essay Example for Free

Power in Language and Culture Essay Power is considered to be the anthem of success-whoever holds power holds ascendancy over the society. However, whomever has ascendency over that society has to have means of communicating to the inferior. The way rulers communicate to their inferiors is a key part of society, and dictates the syntax of the language. Therefore power reflects on the flexibility and structure of the language. In Mrs. Bradys class lectures describing The History of the English language she states that before Viking invasions the Pagan Anglo-Saxon language consisted mainly of religious, domestic and mundane words such as fork, mile, table, alter, mass and chool. In 1066 A. D Norman Vikings overtook the society and added new words such as scream, take and skull these words allowed for aggression in the culture. Along with the aggressive word change the Vikings also degraded Anglo-Saxon words creating synonyms that now have a more powerful meaning for example the Anglo- Saxon word wish and the Norman word want. Customarily the Vikings were very hostile and aggressive people and their contributions to the English language reflect their virulent ways. The Vikings were able to harness their power to create a lasting nfluence on the language and culture of the inferior societies they overtook. Modern English is currently the connecting language used world-wide to communicate. It is described as dominate for many reasons in The Mother Tongue. A specific example given by Bill Bryson is a ited factor in setting English apart from other languages is flexibility. In the United States, Americans give respect where it is needed; there is no hierarchy where respect or a certain dialect is required to talk to another person. The fact that American culture is not based around power allows the language to have versatility. The government is people-based; the power granted to Americans through the constitution allows for variety and freedom of speech. For example female rights activists are able to speak o ut against misogynist beliefs. Though the power structure in America is composed of mostly men, women are unaffected by it, and are still able to speak out against the gender that makes up the majority of the government. American feminism is a prime example of how the power structure can have no effect on the language due to its basis on freedom and equality. In Outliers, chapter seven The Ethnic Theory of Plane Crashes, Malcom Gladwell describes the errible crash of Korean Airlines Flight 801 in 1997 caused by lack of communication through pilots. Unlike our American government Korea has different expectations for their language. It demands that members of higher rank be addressed properly. Not allowing for casual non-specific terms such as you. Koreans are obliged to be deferential toward their elders and superiors in a way that would be unnecessary in the U. S. Koreans must show respect for the people that hold power therefore speaking monotone causing serious situations to sound less urgent then they actually are. Another example of powers influence on language and culture is the example of Chris Langan vs. Robert Oppenheimer: Here we have two very brilliant young students, each of whom runs into a problem that imperils his college career. Langans mother has missed a deadline for his financial aid. Oppenheimer has tried to poison his tutor. To continue on, they are required to lead their cases to authority. sent to a psychiatrists. Oppenheimer and Langan might both be geniuses, but in other ways, they could not be more different (98). Oppenheimer grew up amongst a surplus of power, and so it affected the way that he spoke. He knew how to speak so hat he could get the most effect out of his words, and thus the power worked as an advantage to him and the way he uses language. Langan, in contrast, grew up extremely impoverished. He only had one set of clothes, his mother knew nothing about the way the world worked outside of their small town in Montana, and his step- father was an alcoholic and abuser. There was no positive form of power surrounding him, and thus his language skills were insufficient when he tried to convince his superiors to renew his scholarship. In social class structures there is power that either works to the advantage or disadvantage of the language. In George Orwells dystopian fiction novel 1984 the totalitarian government formats a society in which all members of the party are brain washed. In the appendix of the book Orwell discusses the importance the language, Newspeak, plays on the society. Euphony outweighed every consideration other than exactitude of meaning, (pg308) The language created by Ingsoc, called Newspeak, was used against the population in order to keep power. Newspeak was made up of doublethink words such as blackwhite and goodthink this made it impossible for the society to bond and connect with one another due to lack of cadence and meaning. Using language as a tool to control the culture rid society of their independence to think freely, ultimately turning them into mindless slaves of the government. A real-world example of a totalitarian societies control over language is Hitlers Nazi Germany. The Nazi regime aspired to inflict the same control over the people as Ingsoc did. In Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler states: The chief function of propaganda is to convince the masses, who slowness of understanding needs to be given time in order that they may absorb information; and only constant repetition will finally succeed in imprinting an idea on heir mind .. the slogan must of course be illustrated in many ways and from several angles, but in the end one must always return to the assertion of the same formula. The one will be rewarded by the surprising and almost incredible results that such a personal policy secures. Culturally, the Nazi regime was anti-modern. Censorship and propaganda ensured that Germans could only see what the Nazi hierarchy wanted people to see, hear what they wanted them to hear and read only what the Nazis deemed acceptable. Ultimately giving the Nazis full control over the mindset of their people. Forcing them to perceive that what they were doing was correct and thus socially acceptable. Moreover, whoever holds ascendancy over a culture has the ability to modify and manipulate the language however they want. Language can be used as a tool to gain power, or the people in power can use it as a tool to keep power. It can also be an effect rather than a cause; the way that power is exercised can have an indirect effect on the language. Whether direct or indirect, power has a lasting and critical impact on the language of any culture where a power structure is present.

Business Essays Company Strategy Business

Business Essays Company Strategy Business Company Strategy Business Your company has a clear goal and a solid strategy you have the right people in the right places you have great ideas and the resources to execute them. So does your competition. Over the past decades, the role of economic organizations in society has been approached from various perspectives and alternative conceptualizations of business have been introduced (Grant, 2005; Skurnik, 2005). The traditional idea of business is that an efficient organization is formed to produce profit (Ansoff, 1965; Drucker, 1958). Lately, the concept of business, including the objectives and strategies of business companies, has been dominated by the idea of profit maximation for investor owners (Grant, 2005). Strategic management researchers have been proponents of the theory that provide support to the relationship between the environment, firm strategy, structure, and performance. Several management researchers of the likes of Dill (1958), Chandler (1962), Lawrence Lorsch (1967), Jurkovich (1974), Miles Snow (1978), Porter (1980, 1985), Bourgeois (1980, 1981), Hambrick (1981, 1983), Dess Davis (1984), Dess and Beard (1984), Mintzberg (1988), Miller (1986), Hamel Prahalad (1991), Kotha Valdamani (1995), and others have directly or indirectly made attempts to theorize the effects of single or multiple constructs, visvis the firm environment, strategy, and structure on firm performance. These efforts have led to the incremental development of the strategic management literature that stress on the relationships between the constructs mentioned above. The levels of strategy, i.e. corporate level, business level, and functional level have been defined by management theorists in order to identify and conceptualize the differences in approach in managing firms across these levels of company hierarchy. Corporate level strategies focus on what businesses should the company invest in, in order to satisfy the interests of the stakeholders and to maximize the value of stockholders investments. The focus here is on issues pertaining to firm growth and liquidity (e.g. Kim, Mauer, Sherman, 1998), which influence stockholders satisfaction. On the other hand, business level strategies entail ways in which a company would seek to attain competitive advantage through effective positioning. It should be noted that these positioning strategies of companies would vary depending on the industry setting (Hill Jones, 1995). In corporate finance, although business level strategies are not defined as positioning strategies, the objectives of these strategies and their effects are considered within the diversification and liquidity concepts of corporate strategies. The objective of functional level strategies is to achieve competitive advantage through strategies directed at improving the effectiveness of functional operations within a company (Hill Jones, 1995; p. 12). Note that in corporate finance the functional level strategies are considered as aggregates reported as part of the financial statements of individual business units, which are then analyzed in connection to the corporate strategies. It should also be noted that the business and functional strategies are impacted by the way in which corporate strategies are formulated. Although it may be argued that a bottom-up approach of defining functional level and business level strategies will not entail the effects of corporate strategies on functional and business level strategies, in reality firms define their resource allocation strategies first by taking into consideration the effects of these strategies on overall corporate performance. Once the resource allocation decisions are formulated at the corporate level, managers at the business level can then identify the appropriate strategies to meet the objectives laid out by managers at the corporate level. Management theorists have suggested that in order to achieve competitive advantage, the firm should achieve a fit between the environment, strategy, structure and controls (Jennings Lumpkin, 1992). Effective strategy formulation and implementation lead to the attainment of performance objectives identified by the stakeholders of the firm. Whereas the concept of fit between the environment and strategy is important in order to achieve competitive success, Hamel Prahalad (1991) suggested that strategic intent is the key to achieving success as compared to strategic fit, the paradigm that most management theorists followed until the late eighties. The authors suggest that strategic intent is about building new resources and competencies to tap future opportunities as opposed to the strategic fit perspective of achieving a fit between existing company resources and current environment opportunities. Hierarchical Levels of Strategy Corporate Level Strategy The corporate level strategy entails decisions made by corporate managers to insure that company stakeholders are satisfied at all times. With this as the goal, the managers at the corporate level of company hierarchy decide to invest in business(es) that result in long-term profit maximization and increased returns to the firms stockholders. Corporate strategies entail two distinct dimensions that include measures pertaining to growth (Zook Rogers, 2001) and liquidity (Kim et al., 1998). Corporate managers decide what businesses to invest in and how liquid the assets of the firm should be to maximize the value of the firm, both in the short and long term scenario. Business Level Strategy Business level strategy applies to the unit level of the organization and is referred to as those strategies that are applied at the strategic business unit (SBU) level. SBU level strategy is formulated and implemented by business level managers, who are also referred to as unit level managers or general managers. While this may be the case in the manufacturing industries, the hospitality industry general manager does not necessarily formulate these strategies, rather they are instrumental in the implementation of the strategy. The formulation of business level strategies is entailed in the corporate strategy when the corporate managers define the positioning of the firm. Since business level strategy is a result of market segmentation and positioning strategies, the generic strategies of cost leadership, differentiation, and focus (Porter, 1980) result from the way corporate managers conceive the orientation and positioning of the product during the time of its inception. This logic also applies to the Miles Snows typology of prospector, defender, analyzer, and reactor. These generic typologies are a result of the corporate level managers positioning strategies, and the budget allocated to the units to pursue that strategy. In this regard, the hospitality industry is different from the manufacturing industry in terms of the distinction between the three levels of strategy. There is an overlap in the decisions made at the three levels, with the corporate level influencing the decisions of the unit level and the functional level. This may not be apparent by scrutinizing the organizational structure; rather, this results from the job responsibilities that are entrusted to the different levels of management hierarchy, especially the business and functional level. Functional Level Strategy Functional level strategies are those strategies that are initiated by the profit /support centres of an organization. These centres are individual functions that result when activities that are similar in their characteristics and objectives are grouped under a given function. Each separate function should have its own goal and objective, and functional managers formulate strategies to attain those goals and objectives. To be competitively superior to other firms, functional level managers strategize to attain superior efficiency, superior quality, superior customer responsiveness, and superior innovation (Hill Jones, 1995). Although hospitality researchers have posited that manufacturing based strategy theory may not be applicable to the hospitality industry (Murthy, 1994), it can be argued that strategies professed by management theorists have been generalized to apply to any given industry. Strategy has been defined very distinctly in strategic management theory. For instance, according to Chandler (1962), strategy is the determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals. Hofer Shendel (1978) defined strategy as the match among organizational purposes, resources, skills, environment opportunities and risks. Similarly, Thompson Strickland (1981) defined strategy as the manner in which an organization accomplishes its objectives through the formulation of means, matching and allocating resources, and directing its effort to produce results. On the other hand, Bourgeois (1978) defined strategy in terms of a firms relationship with the environment to achieve its objectives, while Mintzberg (1981) defined the term as a pattern in a stream of decisions or actions. These definitions are important for the literature as it defines the domain of strategy in terms of its literal meaning as well as the direction of research efforts that it influences. Although the above definitions of strategy may differ in literal meaning, the underlying theme common to all is the ability of the organization to meet its objectives by directing its efforts in a resourceful manner, aligning them to the developments in the external environment. Having identified this theme in the definition of strategy, it becomes essential to identify whether each individual research domain within the field is a proponent of this ideology professed by eminent researchers. To do so, it is essential to pinpoint the orientations of the sub-domains in the field of strategy.Strategy, in general, refers to how a given objective will be achieved. Consequently, strategy in general is concerned with the relationships between ends and means, that is, between the results we seek and the resources at our disposal. Strategy and tactics are both concerned with formulating and then carrying out courses of action intended to attain particular objectives. For the most part, strategy is concerned with deploying the resources at your disposal whereas tactics is concerned with employing them. Together, strategy and tactics bridge the gap between ends and means .Strategy of an organization is the roadmap towards attainment of its long term goals and objectives. Organizational strategy consists of planning, organizing, execution, and control activities. Strategic management process facilitates in the operationalization of strategy. Strategic thinking has been much influenced by military thinking about the strategy hierarchy of goals, policies and programmes. Strategy itself sets the agenda for future action, strategic goals state what is to be achieved and when (but not how), policies set the guidelines and limits for permissible action in pursuit of the strategic goals, and programmes specify the step-by-step sequence of actions necessary to achieve major objectives and the timetable against which progress can be measured. A well defined strategy integrates an organizations major plans, objectives, policies and programmes and commitments into a cohesive whole. It marshals and allocates limited resources in the best way, which is defined by an analysis of a firms unique strengths and weaknesses and of opportunities and threats in the environment. It considers how to deal with the potential actions of intelligent opponents. The importance of strategic management for the development of regions is growing, together with the effort of the regional representatives to increase the performance and competitive advantage of their regions. Individual countries, regions, cities, and towns compete among each other especially in the acquisition of economic subjects, which create and stabilize new jobs, thereby influencing prosperity and the standard of living of their residents. Strategy choice is a component of strategy formulation that entails identifying the strategic alternatives in tandem with the firms strengths and weaknesses. Since strategy is about identifying the appropriate courses of action, these alternatives vary depending on the hierarchical levels of the organization confirmed by, for instance, Hofer Shendel (1979), who point out that strategy content varies with the level of organizational hierarchy. The hierarchical levels identified by various management theorists in the strategy domain are functional level, business level, and corporate level strategies (Hill Jones, 1995) . The strategic management model suggests that intended strategy is an outcome of certain distinct actions taken by firms. These actions can be categorized as the product of a firms external analysis and internal analysis (Hill Jones, 1995). The external analysis is about understanding the firms external environment to identify opportunities and threats. This analysis includes analyzing the firms remote environment domain, task environment domain, and industry environment domain in order to identify the forces driving change and their impact on the organization during a given time period (Olsen et al., 1998). On the other hand, the internal analysis entails pinpointing what the strengths and weaknesses of the firm are in order to identify the quantity and quality of resources available to the organization (Hill Jones, 1995). The concept that entails analyzing the firms external and internal environment and subsequently identifying the appropriate strategy comes under the strategy formulation sub-domain of strategy research. On the other hand, the sub-domain that deals with designing organizational systems and structures in order to put the strategy into action is termed as strategy implementation. There are three levels of strategies in the organization viz. corporate strategy, business strategy, and functional strategy. The term strategy proliferates in discussions of business. Scholars and consultants have provided myriad models and frameworks for analysing strategic choice (Hambrick and Fredrickson, 2001). For us, the key issue that should unite all discussion of strategy is a clear sense of an organizations objectives and a sense of how it will achieve these objectives. It is also important that the organization has a clear sense of its distinctiveness. For the leading strategy guru, Michael Porter (1996), strategy is about achieving competitive advantage through being different delivering a unique value added to the customer, having a clear and enactable view of how to position yourself uniquely in your industry, for example, in the ways in which Southwest Airlines positions itself in the airline industry and IKEA in furniture retailing, in the way that Marks Spencer used to. To enact a successful strategy requires that there is fit among a companys activities, that they complement each other, and that they deliver value to the firm and its customers. The three companies we have just mentioned illustrate that industries are fluid and that success is not guaranteed. Two of the firms came to prominence by taking on industry incumbents and developing new value propositions. The third was extremely successful and lost this position. While there is much debate on substance, there is agreement that strategy is concerned with the match between a companys capabilities and its external environment. Analysts disagree on how this may be done. John Kay (2000) argues that strategy is no longer about planning or visioning because we are deluded if we think we can predict or, worse, control the future it is about using careful analysis to understand and influence a companys position in the market place. Another leading strategy guru, Gary Hamel (2000), argues that the best strategy is geared towards radical change and creating a new vision of the future in which you are a leader rather than a follower of trends set by others.The idea of strategy has received increasing attention in the management literature. The literature on strategy is now voluminous and strategic management texts grow ever larger to include all the relevant material. Our premise is that a firm needs a well defined sense of its mission, its unique place in its environment and scope and direction of growth. Such a sense of mission defines the firms strategy. A firm also needs an approach to management itself that will harness the internal energies of the organization to the realization of its mission. Historically, views of strategy fall into two camps. There are those who equate strategy with planning. According to this perspective, information is gathered, sifted and analysed, forecasts are made, senior managers reflect upon the work of the planning department and decide what is the best course for the organization. This is a top-down approach to strategy. Others have a less structured view of strategy as being more about the process of management. According to this second perspective, the key strategic issue is to put in place a system of management that will facilitate the capability of the organization to respond to an environment that is essentially unknowable, unpredictable and, therefore, not amenable to a planning approach. We will consider both these views in this text. Our own view is that good strategic management actually encompasses elements of each perspective. Corporate strategy defines the markets and the businesses in which a company will operate. Competitive or business strategy defines for a given business the basis on which it will compete. Corporate strategy is typically decided in the context of defining the companys mission and vision, that is, saying what the company does, why it exists, and what it is intended to become. Competitive strategy hinges on a companys capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses in relation to market characteristics and the corresponding capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses of its competitors. According to Michael Porter, a Harvard Business School professor and the reigning guru of competitive strategy, competition within an industry is driven by five basic factors: Threat of new entrants. Threat of substitute products or services. Bargaining power of suppliers. Bargaining power of buyers. Rivalry among existing firms. Porter also indicates that, in response to these five factors, competitive strategy can take one of three generic forms: (1) focus, (2) differentiation, and (3) cost leadership. Business strategy focuses on how a company competes in a selected industry over markets. The core of the business strategy can be captured in to a question How should we compete? (Grant, 2005: 22-23). Thus, business strategy is closely related to the concept of competitive strategy (Porter, 1987), which is about creating competitive advantage in a chosen industry. Competitive strategy means choosing a different set of activities to deliver a unique mix of value (Porter, 1996, 1987). Corporate strategy defines the breadth of the company in relation to an industry and markets, where it competes; it answers the question What business should we be in? (Grant, 2005: 22-23). According to Porter (1996), deciding which target group of customers, varieties, and needs the company should serve is fundamental in developing a strategy. Strategy can be neither formulated nor adjusted to changing circumstances without a process of strategy evaluation. Whether performed by an individual or as part of an organizational review procedure, strategy evaluation forms an essential step in the process of guiding an enterprise. For many executives strategy evaluation is simply an appraisal of how well a business performs. Has it grown? Is the profit rate normal? If the answers to these questions are affirmative, it is argued that the firms strategy must be sound. Despite its unassailable simplicity, this line of reasoning misses the whole point of strategy that the critical factors determining the quality of current results are often not directly observable or simply measured, and that by the time strategic opportunities or threats do directly affect operating results it may well be too late for an effective response. Thus strategy evaluation is an attempt to look beyond the obvious facts regarding the short-term health of a business and appraise instead those more fundamental factors and trends that govern success in the chosen field of endeavour. Strategic thinking has been much influenced by military thinking about the strategy hierarchy of goals, policies and programmes. Strategy itself sets the agenda for future action, strategic goals state what is to be achieved and when (but not how), policies set the guidelines and limits for permissible action in pursuit of the strategic goals, and programmes specify the step-by-step sequence of actions necessary to achieve major objectives and the timetable against which progress can be measured. A well defined strategy integrates an organizations major plans, objectives, policies and programmes and commitments into a cohesive whole. It marshals and allocates limited resources in the best way, which is defined by an analysis of a firms unique strengths and weaknesses and of opportunities and threats in the environment. It considers how to deal with the potential actions of intelligent opponents. A firm competes with a large number of other firms in the business environment. The firm has a two-fold objective. It has to attain its long-term goals in the most efficient manner. At the same time, the firm has to deliver higher value to its customer as compared to other competing firms to gain a sustainable competitive advantage. The roadmap consisting of a comprehensive plan towards achievement of the aforesaid objectives is known as organizational strategy. Strategy, in general, refers to how a given objective will be achieved. Consequently, strategy in general is concerned with the relationships between ends and means, that is, between the results we seek and the resources at our disposal. Strategy and tactics are both concerned with formulating and then carrying out courses of action intended to attain particular objectives. For the most part, strategy is concerned with deploying the resources at your disposal whereas tactics is concerned with employing them. Corporate identity merges strategy, culture, and communications to present a memorable personality to prospects and customers. The term is closely linked to corporate philosophy, the company s business mission and values, as well as corporate personality, the distinct corporate culture reflecting this philosophy, and corporate image. The main objective of corporate identity is to achieve a favourable image among the company s prospects and customers. When a corporation is favourably regarded this is likely to result in loyalty. If the corporate identity is the self-portrayal of a company, then the corporate image is the perception of an organization by the audience. The closer the corporate image is to the corporate identity; the closer the public s perception of a company is to how the company defines itself, making for superior corporate communication. For example, most companies have access to the same technology. If they want to further distinguish themselves, the strategy must rely on another factor than technology: the user experience. As the audience s focus changes constantly, corporate strategies must move in the same direction as the customer. Products are the most important spokespersons for any brand or company. Therefore, the key to defining your corporate identity resides in how well a company communicates its visions and values by means of the identity and image of its products, always keeping the target audience involvement in mind. There is no one best way of strategy. The planning approach can work in a stable, predictable environment. Its critics argue that such environments are becoming increasingly scarce, events make the plan redundant, creativity is buried beneath the weight and protocols of planning and communication rules. Furthermore, those not involved in devising the plan are never committed to its implementation. The second approach emphasizes speed of reaction and flexibility to enable the organization to function best in an environment that is fast-changing and essentially unpredictable. The essence of strategy, according to this view, is adaptability and incrementalism. This approach has been criticized for failing to give an adequate sense of where the organization is going and what its mission is. Critics speak disparagingly of the mushroom approach to management. (Place in a dark room, shovel manure/money on the seeds, close the door, wait for it to grow!) Inconsistency in strategy is not simply a flaw in logic. A key function of strategy is to provide coherence to organizational action. A clear and explicit concept of strategy can foster a climate of tacit co-ordination that is more efficient than most administrative mechanisms. Many high technology firms, for example, face a basic strategic choice between offering high-cost products with high custom-engineering content and lower-cost products that are more standardized and sold at higher volume. If senior management does not enunciate a clear, consistent sense of where the corporation stands on these issues, there will be continuing conflict between sales, design, engineering and manufacturing people. A clear, consistent strategy, by contrast, allows a sales engineer to negotiate a contract with a minimum of coordination the trade-offs are an explicit part of the firms posture.Rumelt (1988). A strategy is a set of objectives, policies and plans that, taken together, define the scope of the enterprise and its approach to business. Rumelt suggests that three questions are central to the challenge of strategy evaluation: Are the objectives of the business appropriate? Are the major policies and plans appropriate? Do the results obtained to date confirm or refute critical assumptions on which The strategy rests? He further suggests that strategy must satisfy four broad criteria: Consistency. The strategy must not present mutually inconsistent goals and policies. Consonance. The strategy must represent an adaptive response to the external environment and to the critical changes occurring within it. Advantage. Strategy must provide for the creation and/or maintenance of a competitive advantage in the selected area of activity. Feasibility. The strategy must neither overtax available resources nor create insoluble problems. Strategic management represents the collection of methods and approaches that are applicable to the regulation of regional development. This process can include the following: Defining the mission of the development of the region it depends on visions, values and expectations of the key implementing entities. Setting the strategic and performance objectives the objectives might comprise e.g. social development of regions, development of infrastructure, improvement of environmental aspects of the life of the local population, better territorial distribution of economic activities in the region etc. Formulating strategy (determining strategic alternatives, their evaluation assessment and selection) we seek to answer the question of how to meet the future objectives. Also essential is to use the results of both the external and internal environment analyses (situation analysis) Introducing and implementing the selected strategy (strategy implementation) this component is related to the further elaboration of regional development strategies into more detailed programs, measures and activities. The success of the strategy implementation depends to a certain degree on the motivation of all the stakeholders and apart from other things it is also associated with the level of culture in the community Evaluating results and proposing corrective measures (strategic control) it serves to ascertain the success rate of the selected strategy and also signals the necessary changes at whichever stage of its implementation. Basic requirement of this process is to increase competitive advantage of the regions in the long run. We can define the regional competitive advantage as the ability of the region to produce products and services, which will be able to compete on the international market, while securing and maintaining the incomes of its inhabitants. Managing risk at the organizational level is considered to be the key to the longterm survival of firms. According to Busman Van Zuiden (1998) there is a growing recognition that coordinating and financing all facets of organizational risk effectively is critical to maximizing success, whether that success is measured by shareholder value or, in the case of not-for-profit, educational or governmental institutions, by the range and quality of provided services (p. 14). Furthermore, the authors point out that because of the speed at which the organizations external business environment is constantly changing, managers are required to keep pace with this change through effective monitoring of the developments that increase the risk exposure of firms. Bibliography Bourgeois, L. J. (1980) Strategy and environment: A conceptual integration. Academy of Management Review, 5, 25-39. Bourgeois, L. J. (1981). On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 6, 29-39. Busman, E. R., Zuiden, P. V. (1998). The challenge ahead: Adopting an enterprise wide approach to risk. Risk Management, 45(1), 14-17. Competitive Strategy (1986). Michael Porter. Harvard Business School Press. Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and structure, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Dill, W. R. (1958). Environment as an influence on managerial autonomy. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2, 409-443. The Concept of Corporate Strategy, 2nd Edition (1980). Kenneth Andrews. Dow-Jones Irwin. Lawrence, P. R., Lorsch, J. (1967). Organization and environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Jurkovich, R. (1974). A core typology of organizational environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 3, 380-394. Olsen, M. D. (1980). The Importance of the environment to the food service and lodging manager. The Journal of Hospitality Education, 4(2), 35-45. Olsen, M. D., West, J. J., Tse, E. C. (1998). Strategic management in the hospitality industry, Boston: Wiley. Customer Intimacy and Other Value Disciplines. Michael Treacy and Fred Wiersema. Harvard Business Review (Jan-Feb 1993). The Discipline of Market Leaders (1994). Michael Treacy and Fred Wiersema. Addison Wesley. Jennings, D. F., Lumpkin J. R. (1992). Insights between environmental scanning activities and Porters generic strategies: An empirical analysis. Journal of Management, 18, 791-803. Miller, D. (1986). Configurations of strategy and structure: Towards a synthesis. Strategic

The Innate Nature of Sin

The Innate Nature of Sin Nathaniel Hathorne was an author who consistently wrote about satires of the Puritan time. His short stories often revolved around themes of sin and how no one could escape from committing sin. The short stories â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† written by Hawthorne, reflect these themes through elements of fiction, such as plot, setting, symbolism, and point of view. â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† is about a town’s minister who walks into Sunday Congregation with a heinous black veil covering his face.The veil shields him from the sins of the rest of the world, and the rest of the world from his sin. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is about a newly married man who leaves Faith, his wife to follow a man into the forest, where Satanic Rituals occur. These Satanic Rituals are powered by the people Goodman Brown had once known to be the most religious. Through the elements of fiction, t he short stories â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† show how there is no way for one escape from committing sin, no matter who they are. One of the stories Hawthorne writes is â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil. The story starts when a minster walks into his weekly Sunday sermon with a veil that cover’s his face.. The veil is seen as symbolic with sin, because the minister has started to wear his sin on his face. He is shunned from the town, as people start to grow uncomfortable in his presence. The veil is a constant reminder of their sins as well. When the Minister goes to a funeral of a girl, he walks in with the veil and stoops down to the corpse’s level, and when by accident his face unveiled (just to the corpse) â€Å"the corpse had slightly shuddered, rustling the shroud and muslin cap, though the countenance retained the composure of death. (â€Å"Black Veil† 337). When the corpse sees the face of the minister, it shudders in reaction. This reaction gives hints about what may be behind the black veil. It shows that what is behind the black veil is so dark, and horrible that even a dead body has a reaction, and the only reaction a dead body can have is fear of what may be coming next. At its end, there’s nothing the corpse can do about its life and how it was lived: with or without sin. Seeing all the sin behind the veil scared the corpse, as it was a reflection of all the sin it could not longer escape.All of its sin had caught up with the corpse as it lay in the coffin. Then the Minister continued to make a sermon, praying that everybody be prepared for death when what is underneath the veil is revealed. This scene says that death is when all of one’s sins come to catch up with them, and everything underneath the veil is revealed as they are judged before God. The veil, in this sense, can be anything as a cover for sin. For the Minister, it was a physical a pie ce of cloth that covered his face.For other’s it can be their personalities; how they behave around others can deceive others of their sin. After the funeral, the Minister goes to a wedding and just about he’s about to take a sip of his wine, after wishing the couple happiness, he sees his own reflection: â€Å"catching a glimpse of his figure in the looking-glass, the black veil involved his own spirit in the horror with which it overwhelmed all others. His frame shuddered – his lips grew white – he spilt the untasted wine upon the carpet – and rushed forth into the darkness. (â€Å"Black Veil† 338) In this scene, the Minister is, for the first time, seeing himself with the veil. His reaction is much similar to that of his congregation: fear.. Here, we see an element of fiction: Symbolism. The veil is symbolic for sins the Minister has committed. When he sees this veil, hHe feels fear – so much fear – that he drops what he is holding and flees. The fear of sin the veil ignites in him causes him to run, , as if to escape from them. He cannot let anyone see what he sees, as he is the only one who truly knows what his sins are.His sins are so frightening because he knows that eventually he will be accountable for every single one, and the veil will one day be pulled off. Even he, the Minister of the church, cannot escape from his sin, and eventually at death, everyone’s sins will catch up with him or her: At that point, there is nowhere to run. The next story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† is about a young man who is leaving his wife to go meet someone in the forests. He meets a man, who looks like an older version of himself, (actually the devil) and tells him that he wishes to go back to his village.He tells the man, his family was full of good Christians, and that he is ashamed to be associated with the devil. As he tells the Devil that he has to follow a different path, the Devil responds à ¢â‚¬Å"Well Goodman Brown! I have been as well acquainted with your family as with ever a one among the Puritans; and that is no trifle to say. † (Hawthorne 326) When the Devil says this, Goodman Brown gets confused: He believed his family to be of one of the most religious, and to see them associate themselves with the devil seems to be a lie. He believes that there must be rumors about his family.He can’t accept the fact that his father, and grandfather, who were known to be pious people, associated themselves with the Devil of all people. Goodman Brown waves off some people the Devil names, saying that they choose their own path. Then he says to the Devil that he would not be able to talk to the Minister of Salem Village if he were to go on. The Devil’s response to this is â€Å"Thus far the elder traveler had listened with due gravity; but now burst into a fit if irrepressible mirth, shaking himself so violently that his snakelike staff actually seemed to wri ggle in sympathy. (Hawthorne 327) Here, the Devil bursts into laughter when Goodman Brown suggests the Minister is a good Christian man. Goodman brown is offended at the man for proving all of his acquaintances wrong. He learns in this story that nobody, not even his good little Faith, can escape the Devil. His father, grandfather, the Minister, and Faith have all be revealed to be following the Devil, and it’s something he cannot escape. In Conclusion, both short stories, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† by Nathaniel Hawthorn, reveal the inevitable sin of the people we trust the most.It shows us that nobody can escape sin, and it’s innate of human nature. When the town’s people first see the Minister with his veil, their reactions are all of shock and fear. During his first sermon with the veil â€Å"Each member of the congregation, the most innocent girl, and the man of hardened breast, felt as if the preach er had crept upon them behind his awful veil and discovered their hoarded iniquity of deed or thought. † (Hawthorne 336) Here, Hawthorne is describing the effect the veil had on the people of that town.Everybody who was at the sermon felt as though Minister Hooper had crept up to them, and discovered their sins of actions, and their sins of thoughts. It says even â€Å"the most innocent girl† felt her sins being discovered. This quote states that nobody can escape from sin, despite trying your hardest. The innocent girl should have been free of sins, but she feels the fear of her sins being unveiled just as everyone else. The fact that the Minister came into the sermon with his â€Å"sins† on his face, people actually felt fear and power from his sermon.

towards Vietnam

In 1961, under the President-ship of Kennedy, America took the middle path as considered to be the most conducive policy to solve crises in Vietnam. This middle path included sending of machinery and advisors instead of large-scale troops as was suggested in White Paper or as was being recommended by his advocators on a negotiation table. This decision proved futile as it accorded the increase in the chances of success of NLF.As more and more news began to pour in, tension arose in Kennedy’s government machinery and they escalated upon a plan of providing â€Å"Safe Hamlets† to the villagers developed by GVN. The main purpose was to segregate them from NLF, but this strategy too did not head to in any direction, as this resulted in alienating villagers further from the Saigon regime. This policy though helped GVN in reaching countryside yet ironically produced more cadres for the NLF. The years of war between 1963- 1968 in Vietnam were considered to be the years of Esca lation and Americanization.In 1963, as NLF was heading towards victory, Diem’s brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, attacked Buddhist pagodas of South Vietnam; this resulted in massive protests on the streets of Saigon, and several Buddhist monks committed self-immolation. This made Kennedy to send in coup in the same year. But some of the Diem’s own generals in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) approached Kennedy seeking request to overthrow Diem and on 1st November 1963, Deim and his brother was arrested and then later killed.But after three weeks, President Kennedy too was assassinated at Dallas. At the time of his assassination, there were 16,000 advisors. Though Kennedy’s policy was not much successful yet he was able to continue his war with very little military intervention, but as soon as new president, Lyndon Baines Johnson took over, his conviction and policy made him to show world, the military might of America. He took the firm stand and urged for attaini ng more powers after the raid of DAV on two of US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin shook him.But looking at the strategies being adopted by Communists parties creating hindrances in the war as well as in the political efforts of United States, the Johnson administration too advocated what they termed as â€Å"cold blood† strategy- a war but with very little resources and little effect on their own nation. But this also proved futile, as this war created an adverse effect on their domestic front to the extent that Mr. Johnson was forced to think on the domestic consequences of his every major decision.In 1964, Washington had made all the plans to send all military strengths as retaliation to Tonkin Gulf incident. By 1968, situation became worse when DRV and the NLF led unified attacks on the most important southern cities, which were known as Tet offensive in the West; its main purpose was to coax Johnson to sit on for negotiations. Though communists were defeated in battle yet it was psychological victory for them. As Johnson was totally burdened by the heavy weight of war and secondly opposition from his home front made him take a decision that made all the exercises of previous Presidents futile.He decided not to support re-nomination of Democratic Party for president and was ready to go in for negotiations with communists to put an end to war. In 1968, secret negotiations were started to end the war but soon Republican challenger Nixon took over the charge of President-ship who professed to have a secret plan to put an end to war. But this secret plan was nothing else then the strategic moves of Lyndon Johnson. He began what was termed as process of â€Å"Vietnamization† to bring to the ears of his own force that no Vietnamese was fighting in jungles of Southeast Asia and dying there.This made the substitution of air wars over the American troops who returned home. Nixon increased the air attacks over DRV and for ground battle sent, ARVN. He also a ttacked Laus and Cambodia to put a barrier and an end to the communists supply routes and their safe sanctuaries. This was violation of the international rights of these countries. The air war had a little or no effect on Communists, but they continued with their efforts to make more and more demands in Paris. Though Nixon’s approach made critics quite but his repeated attacks as a protective cover for the retreat of American troops irritated U.S citizens and paved the path for the U. S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and DRV representatives Xuan Thuy and Le Duc to think on peaceful lines of Paris. Many owe the strategic failure to President Lyndon Johnson’s policies, as it was during his tenure that America saw most of casualties. But according to Jeffrey Kimball, President Nixon was responsible for these states of affairs. He wrote in his much thought provoking book â€Å"Nixon's Vietnam War 1998†, that President Nixon must be held, responsible and account able, for the failure.It was quite true that America made wrong assessment of the strong folds of North Vietnamese in their soil and tried to resolve the problem with military strength, which was in itself a wrong move. Kimball argued that when Nixon took over the office, he was aware of the fact that this war could not be won militarily yet he resorted for war because only by showing their might, they could force Hanoi into negotiations favorable to Nixon’s view of honorable peace. His statement was based on the United States interest at the international level and on owing to his reelection. 4 Accordingly they wanted to endorse the President-ship of Thieu.This device was a strategy to take America out of Vietnam on certain terms, but there were many uncertain in-linking parts like risk from China, several schemes of negotiations, effect on societies and Vietnamization etc, and all did not prove to be as effective as was supposed to be. He believed his political success to b e based on the mad man theory: the efforts to make his enemies think that his opposition for communism was so strong that he could go to any extent like put in maximum force that would not only be accordingly disproportionate in size but also extremely dangerous.5 Along with this, there was certain element of uncertainty, a policy forcing enemies to think on multitude lines on one subject to confuse them. The years, 1962 to1969 were the years of great dissatisfaction and American’s strategic misnomers on the Vietnam soils. Vietnam passing through the strategic influence of three American regimes only retaliated harsher. Though the Nixon policy also could not be considered as full success yet his strategy at least paved the path for both himself and Kissinger think that the best they could have done was to promise Thieu government a â€Å"decent interval† 6 of security once Americans would leave Vietnam.Bibliography Brigham, Robert, Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History, PBS. org. , (1 March 2008) Daum, Andreas Gardner, Lloyd and Mausbach, Wilfried, America, the Vietnam War, and the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Kimball, Jeffrey, Nixon’s Vietnam War 1998, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998.