Sendong Report

It was a test of faith. Never were the Kagay-anons expecting that such a violent storm which hit the City of Cagayan de Oro, would kill their loved ones, and eventually their livelihood. Typhoon Washi, popularly known as Sendong which struck the Northern part of Mindanao on the early hours of December 17,2011 not only destroyed the city physically but as well as washing away devastatingly the social, political and the economic faiths of the city.The effects of heavy rains in the evening of 16 December until early morning of 17 December, the high tide occurrence and the debris into the river worsened the force of flash flood that impacted the catastrophe (National Disaster Risk and Management Center, 2012). People were sleeping around 2:30 a. m. when the flash flood strikes fierce fully resulting to a haunting tragedy which recorded a death toll of 674 in Cagayan de Oro according to the Final Report on the Effects and Emergency Management re Tropical Storm â€Å"SENDONG† (Washi ) prepared by the National Disaster Risk and Management Center (10 February 2012).Barangay 17, within the prior area of Cagayan de Oro City was one of the areas severely hit by the catastrophic phenomenon, and obtained the greatest share of recovery support. Sustenance and rehabilitation figures are roughly in line with the region–wide numbers. Hundreds of organizations, agencies and thousands of people from all walks of life all over the world share anything that they could give heartily, might be as in cash, in kind, service, and even in thoughtful concerns expressed through social media like Facebook or Twittter in helping to rebuild shattered communities among the 41 City barangays affected by the typhoon.Billions, translated from different currencies to pesos were commended, making this the largest post disaster recovery and extension undertaking commenced for the last 12 years in the Philippine history due the highest number of casualties and damages (CALONZO, 18 Decemb er 2011), City government provided financial assistance ranging from Php 2,500 to 9,000 for each family reliant on the amount of damage and has a significant figure of Php6, 885, 000 as financial aid to each family.Estimated damage of 10000 received financial assistance amounting to 2500; 20000 to 35000 received Php3500 ; Php 35000 to 6000 worth of damage received Php 4,500 ; Php7000 to 100000 cost of damage received Php 6,000 ; 120000 to 300,000 received Php 7,000 to 8000, and damage ranging Php350000 to 3,000,000 got 9,000 financial assistance. In line of President Benigno Aquino III directive for immediate aid efforts for ongoing relief undertakings, a December 28, 2011 press release from the Department of Budget and Management (28 December 2011) indicated Php336. M was added to Department of Social Welfare and Development. Government through Department of Social Welfare and Development had facilitated the delivering of food supplies and financial assistance to the affected commu nities.Red Cross Organization has also demonstrated efforts on providing relief items and medical assistance. Various organizations such as churches, charitable groups as well as radio and TV station have showed goodwill and kindness amidst adversity.In Barangay 17, nearby churches such as United Christian Church in the Philippines and Iglesia ni Kristo have offered free water and sack of rice during that time. Magnum Radio, DXCC provided clothes, canned goods and mineral water for aiding immediate needs while ABS-CBN Sagip Kapamilya along with various celebrities like Robin Padilla, Kris Aquino and GMA Center Mark Bautista handed relief goods and supplies.Blanco (28 July 2012) on her article Krusada: Cagayan de Oro, 7 months after Sendong, cited an establishment of a total of 6000 shelters prepared by Habitat for Humanity Philippines in which 12 houses are finished daily by Non-Government Organizations, and after 6 months, 3000 quadruplex would be ready for settlement. The purpose of this research is to conduct a study to the barangays in Cagayan de Oro city affected by Sendong, with Barangay 17 being selected as our subject area of research.It aims to determine the loss felt by the residents, either by physical or life, and most importantly to categorize the interventions/ assistance received by the victims in the aforementioned community. Based on the information gathered through the conducted in-depth interview, the researchers have found out that as to the said barangay, most of the houses were flooded with mud and dirt especially those houses built near the river, but only few were being damaged reflecting parts of the houses and roofing’s washed out unlike with what Sendong brought a great damage to areas like Macasandig and Balulang.Only few residents decided to be relocated to the relocation sites provided by the government such as the Calaanan Permanent Site (phase 3) and Indahag Permanent Site (phase 1) with personal reasons such as the famil y lived there for almost 30 years, and owning properties which are being inherited and passed on through generations. In addition, not all of the affected residents have received assistance as to what others do have.As to the statement of Lenie Duhaylungsod, 44 years old, stated through an interview, revealed that she have not received any assistance from Red Cross, where in fact her neighbors have already obtained relief goods and medical kits from the said organization. As we interviewed Rowena Cabunilda, a 50 year old Lechonan business owner, she relates that she have suffered much as to the damage brought by Typhoon Sendong to her livelihood. A venture established and existed for almost seven years, Rowena have never thought that residing near the river would cause the loss of her long-time earned business.With a starting capital amounting to Php10, 000, she had earned a lot for continuing the business making her a successful entrepreneur reflected through her beautiful, million peso priced house as well as her other properties including a business land (she asked us to limit the discussion only to her Lechonan business), further stating that her other properties were not devastated as these were located far from their barangay. In the aftermath of Sendong, there’s only 16 hogs left from the 56 ready to be sold s Lechon, almost 21,000 projected net loss of income for that season which is Christmas, and a loss amounting Php 50, 000 summarizing her capital resources reflected in terms of money as well as with the structure of her Lechonan house.â€Å"Receiving relief goods from the government and financial assistance worth Php 4,000 just for one month, I don’t think if it could be able to sustain us and help us in the recovery of the Lechonan business, which I believe would definitely take two to three years,† she stated. In Barangay 17 alone, 47 are being hospitalized, and 2 were reported dead due to Leptospirosis disease† accordi ng to Honorable Heracleo W. Calinawan, Barangay Captain of Barangay 17. A total 43,507 families being affected here in Cagayan de Oro City, while those being evacuated to 19 relocation sites counts to 6,574 families or a total of 38,985 people. â€Å"Here in our barangay, only few are to be counted being relocated to relocation sites,† Brgy. Capt. Calinawan added.Though these people are being affected by the devastation caused by the storm, but still they can’t leave their own houses and properties, especially the businesses they still have and could still be build back. Known as one of the barangays here in Cagayan de Oro sustained with Lechonan business, Barangay 17 Lechonan owners suffered the loss of livelihood , loss of income generated and yet to be generated , and the resources and capital started and produced for building the business.While some residents affected were skilled workers and self-employed who were not exempted by the negative effects brought by th e catastrophe, most of these respondents claimed of having an income of 100-150 a day less with daily expenses incurred of almost 170-200 a day, further declared that the destruction caused by Sendong put them into much upsetting and distressing life of poverty. Different nations of different forms of administration and leadership united to commit and lend a helping hand to the mourning land of Northern Mindanao.As to a report from ABS-CBN News on December 20, 2011 Obama extended his sympathies â€Å"On behalf of the American people, I wish to express my deep condolences for the tremendous of life and devastations caused by recent flooding in the Philippines. † while his secretary, Hillary Clinton also communicated her commiserations, further stated, â€Å"America stands ready to assist Philippine authorities as they respond to this tragedy. (Ressa, December 18, 2011) while the Spanish King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia are in close contact in accordance to the report of Calon zon of GMA News TV (22 December 2011)It will take a period of three to five years before the full recovery would be felt by the affected barangays of the so-called City of Golden Friendship ( including Barangay 17 to the count) , as observed by UN Special Representative for Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction Margareta Wahlston. Tiangco, 29 January 2012). While the United Nations are busy forecasting the time frame to bring back Cagayan de Oro better, National Economic Development Authority (Quiros, February 23, 2012) in its Strategic Action Plan presented a significant figure of Php 43B; the Northeren Mindanao requires for it to return to its past life and to its earlier picture before the tragic event hits.With half the total percentage of the damaged infrastructure already repaired with the aid of Negros Oriental government (Aranas, December 29, 2012 ) ; Sustainable Livelihood Assistance and Cash for Work programs leading to the provision of cash grants, rehabilitation projects and creation of livelihood strategies to assist affected residents initiated by DSWD ; Self-Employment Kaunlaran Associations(SKAs) which provide income generating opportunities such as sari-sari, farming, livestock raising, food processing, dressmaking, shell craft and fish vending ; permanent resettlement to already rebuilt houses ,and shelters provided by government and private agencies; and the numerous seminars, trainings and programs which demonstrates how the survivors would be well-settled, economically provided and recover sustainably: survivors are on their way of building back what was deemed lost.This study sought to identify the various modes and means as to which the victims of the 2011 Sendong typhoon tragedy which struck and affect the livelihood of Kagay-anons , specifically the affected communities in Barangay 17 had recover and recuperate their livelihood few months after the storm, the different interventions and assistance they received from the governm ent and non-government organizations, and as well as to ascertain the probable time frame as to which the Barangay 17 Sendong survivors would be fully recovered.Being a student with a financial management degree, it would be helpful enough to provide us students the knowledge onto what kind of livelihood these people need and ought to have being survivors of the devastation, and these gathered information would be useful enough for government and non-government institutions assigned in the field of livelihood center programs to provide sustainable livelihood for the affected communities.In the future, the end-result of this study would be useful for researchers and business people in determining the needs of the aforementioned affected communities and later would think of any kind of livelihood/job they would introduce to these communities aiding them towards livelihood recovery and sustainability. Data obtained from actual encounter with the victims turned survivors would further p rovide a much clearer understanding as to what was really the exact event, how did it occur, how did it affect and devastate lives, how much was the cost of damage, how long would the people be fully recovered, what are the strategies prepared and effected by government , international and non-government organizations to help, assist and ensure short to long term recovery and sustainability of the victims,etc.Lots and infinite questions could be made available with accurate and precise answers from actual intervention compared to just being information dependent from mere broadcast and social media, and random hearsays. Nothing would prove to be the best if fact-finding has to be initiated and enacted through proper, formal and accurate procedures. For almost six months of humanitarian aiding, it had resulted to further development on the despair and agony of Barangay 17 Sendong victims. Although the recovery might be deemed relaxed and gradual, but still the affected residents of t he 17th Barangay of Cagayan de Oro struck by Sendong continue to pursue the aspiration to attain full recovery and sustainability before another one bites the dust. FRAMEWORK This study is anchored on the theory of Dr.Jacqueline Carol Badcock, the United Nations resident coordinator and humanitarian coordinator in the Philippines, â€Å"Livelihood recovery is crucial to help communities recover from the crisis and to build people’s confidence that they can move on†. Every people have its own process or way of recovery, it still depends on the capacity of individual This study is based on the capacity of the families affected by typhoon Sendong to recover and sustain financially with the available resources they have and how they used the different interventions and assistance they received from the government and non-government organizations to bring back their livelihood. Livelihood is a means of making a living.It encompasses people’s capabilities, assets, inc ome and activities required to secure the necessities of life. A livelihood is sustainable when it enables people to cope with and recover from shocks and stresses (such as natural disasters and economic or social upheavals) and enhance their well-being and that of future generations without undermining the natural environment or resource base (Carney, 1998,pg. 4) The core elements of the framework are the profile of the respondents in terms of civil status, educational attainment, number of children(if married), type of livelihood, years of residency in the barangay, starting capital, place of origin, monthly income generated from the livelihood and other sources of income.Civil status is the registration of individual status due to birth or any changes in personal situation such as marriage, divorce, or death (Slim, 2010). The purpose of which is to know the current marital status of the respondents of whether the victim supports a family or not. Educational attainment refers to t he highest level of schooling that a person has reached (Statistics Canada, 2011). This is necessary to identify the common level of education of each family on the specific location. Number of children refers to the number of offspring a family has. This is included to know how many children each family supports the main purpose is to know if the family income is enough to support the family.Type of livelihood refers to a set of economic activities, involving self-employment and/or wage-employment by using one’s endowments (human and material) to generate adequate resources (cash and non-cash)for meeting the requirements of self and the household, usually carried out repeatedly and as such become a way of life (Mahajan et al, 2004). This is essential to know the family’s way of living, of how they earn and support their family whether it be by employment or business ventures. Years of residency refers to the time during which a person resides in a place (Livelihood, D ictionary online, 2013). This is also identified to know whether the family is new or has been living for many years already in the barangay. Place of origin refers to where something originated or was nurtured in its early existence (Farlex Inc, 2013).This information is also essential for the researchers to know where the family originally came from. Starting capital refers to the money that is required to start a new business, whether for office space, permits, licenses, inventory, product development and manufacturing, marketing or any other expense ( Startup capital, Investopedia Online, 2013). This is to know the amount of money used by the family to start their livelihood again. Monthly income generated from the livelihood refers to the the amount of money or its equivalent received during a period of time in exchange for labor or services, from the sale of goods or property, or as profit from financial investments (Farlex Inc, 2013).This is to know the total amount of money the family receives from their livelihood and whether the family’s income is enough to support the needs of the family as well as to know the capacity of the family to recover financially. Other source of income refers to earnings report used to represent income from activities other than normal business operations ( Webfinance Inc. , 2013). This is included to know whether the family earns money aside from their employment. These detailed personal information is required for documentation and for future analysis of this entire research. Another element used in the framework is the types of loss experienced by the victims whether physical loss or life loss. Physical loss here refers to any damage done to a property (Webfinance Inc. , 2013).It includes properties, objects, and valuable resources lost by the victims as a result of the casualty of the flood. This deals with the properties or establishments owned by those families who has small business but now was washed out by Sendong. This could also be appliances destroyed by the typhoon such as television set, dvd player, component, computer, laptop, refrigerator, washing machine, cook wares like microwave oven, blender, electronic kettle, and small gadgets like cell phone, tablet and many more. This element is necessary to identify the common properties lost by the affected families and to what extent the flood caused damage to the victims.Life loss here refers to the number of family members who survived, how many have died and whether they were able to recover the dead body, how many were missing and what are their experiences during and after the calamity and on how they survived from their everyday living. Interventions or assistance received by the victims is another element used in the framework for the purpose of which is to know the specific intervention and assistance each family received from the disaster and for the researchers to know which specific organization whether it be from the loca l(municipal), provincial, national government, the non-government organizations who provided the victims with the assistance. The interventions/assistance received by the respondents are divided into two: private interventions and public interventions.To be included in the private interventions are the private sectors, industries, entities, non- government organizations both local and international, and people which and who provided interventions/assistance to the survivors of typhoon Sendong. To be included in the public interventions/assistance on the other hand, would be the public agencies, government departments and politicians which and who provided interventions/assistance to the survivors. The type of interventions/assistance received by them would also be collected and recorded as additional information. RESEARCH FLOW OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study aimed to know how and how long the Sendong survivors in the areas of Barangay 17 in the City of Cagayan de Oro have recovere d the loss of livelihood they encountered after being devastated by the striking of typhoon Sendong.These were as follows 1) To describe the profile of the respondents in terms of: civil status, number of children, type/s of livelihood, years of residency in the barangay, starting capital, monthly income generated from livelihood and other sources of income; 2) to determine the types of loss experienced by the respondents in terms of physical and life aspects; and to find out the interventions/ assistance received by the respondents. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study focused on the coping and recovery measures undertaken by the chosen occupants in Barangay 17, Cagayan de Oro City. There were 15 randomly selected residents which are being interviewed in accordance with the predetermined objectives.It includes obtaining information asked through personal inquiries in terms of vital personal information, determination of the types of livelihood and how it was adversely affec ted by Sendong which is regarded to be one of the best target question for the study, and finding out the interventions/assistance received by the respondents which purposely attempts to determine the variety of support, relief assistance and funding, donations and pledges the Barangay 17 community had already received, have been receiving and would be receiving. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The study was limited to the people of the respondents in terms of educational attainment, civil status, number of children if married, type of livelihood, years of residency in the barangay, place of origin, starting capital, monthly income generated from the livelihood, and the other sources of income. It determined the types of loss experienced by the respondents in terms of physical and life aspects. It is limited in finding out the interventions assistance received by the respondents. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY National Government.The outcome of this study would provide them detailed information and knowledge as to what proper governance and administration should be directed when any event same as this one would occur in the future. Through in-depth interview, which for most of the time proven accurate, would aid them in further assessing the exact and truthful undertakings, related stories of area survivors and especially the numerical facts of interventions and assistance obtained by the community victims. National Disaster Risk and Management Center. Aid them in further verification of the Final Report on Sendong they have already published and make appropriate changes, if needed. The data obtained through this study would also enable them to understand the tasks and duties entrusted to them being an organ for national management on disaster.Local Government Units. The result of the study will aid them in determining what are the other needs of the victims in their respective areas and be able to make appropriate measures to resolve them. The end-result would also help them understand and identify what are the corresponding duties entrust to them when such events occur again. Community. By giving them an in depth knowledge of what duties and responsibilities are relied on them when such occurrences take place. The study would provide these communities the following information and as well as the measures to cope and recover livelihood if such event would occur. Future Researchers.This study will prompt future researchers to deal with other factors and measures significant for quick and immediate recovery of loss livelihood of devastated societies, not only in the local regions but most importantly for the national as whole, providing prompt and immediate action for livelihood recovery and sustainability. Serve as a catalyst for further research on the grounds of good governance in terms of community safety keeping and public trust building. Victims of Typhoon Sendong. This would aid them on deciding what type of means they are going to prefer and unde rtake for them to be able to support and sustain their needs after the loss encountered during the devastation of Sendong. City Social Welfare and Development Office.The study will be considered as deemed relevant for creating awareness, and for these offices to establish prompt measures and means to recover loss livelihood of devastated residents of the affected community. Academe. This research will aid the learners and would serve as a review for related study in another research setting. LITERATURE REVIEW A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stress and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future, while not undermining the natural resource base. (Chambers & Conway, 1991). As a means of sustenance. (New lexicon Webster Dictionary, 2001).A method need not only played by a sole individual but by various sectors of society, where the coordination of one to many towards the performance of its activities is deemed significant for the realization and attainment of one and everyone’s goal. The hidden complexity behind the term livelihood comes to light when governments, civil society, and external organizations attempt to assist people whose means of making a living is threatened, damaged, or destroyed. As the strength of a given livelihood is not only measured by its productive outcomes, but equally by its resilience to shocks, seasonal changes and trends and these shocks might include natural disasters (International Recovery Platform and United Nations Development Programme –India, 2005)..This study aims to conduct a review and an analysis of how typhoons affects communities and eventually livelihood causing an economic breakdown, and to be able to present through extensive research of how livelihood as strategies, developed to make a liv ing, means created for sustenance and survival is as fragile, breakable and vulnerable as it seems. IRP and UNDP-India. (2005 Cambodia is largely dependent on its natural resource base where agriculture is their primary source of livelihood. Rice production is the key economic activity in some province such as Siem Reap (United Nations Development Programme-Cambodia 2012) although the province also exhibits some of the income from other forms of means such as livestock farming and fishing. But how could the Cambodians be able to sustain a food for living and be able to maintain a good harvest if the country is frequently visited by destructive typhoons resulting to flooded farmlands along with washed livelihood for rural communities?Recommended livelihood recovery interventions include: the provision of capital (e. g. recovery fund) into existing savings and self-help groups; vocational trainings’ and programs to become a skilled worker and eventually learn an alternative liv elihood; and borrowings /financial grants for small and micro businesses (United Nations Development Programme-Cambodia, 2012). Taiwan, known as the main island of Republic of China, is not exempted from calamities such as typhoons and flashfloods due to its subtropical monsoon type climate (Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, 2004), as a result, this industrialized and modernized republic fueled by agriculture, labor and export industries were flooded and flashed away.Typhoon Morakot which struck Taiwan on 8 August 2009 regarded as the deadliest typhoon to hit the island, taking 639 lives evaluated by the World Vision ,form the following assessments that the storm not only affects communities but as well as flooding farmlands, wiping out businesses, livelihood and infrastructure amounting to a net loss of $3. 3B total damage (World Vision, July 2010). Long term livelihood recovery programs comprises establishment of production and marketing unit in Kaohsiung county, employment of fa rmers to a mango plant corporation, livelihood trainings on how to commenced a handicraft business, and peach cultivation (World Vision, July 2010).Hit and devastated by Typhoon Ketsana on 2009, Vietnam of homogenous societies in Southeast Asia (Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, 2004) had slowly but gradually facing its recovery. In coordination with United Nation Programme Coordination Groups, the People's Aid Coordinating Committee (PACCOM) and international non-governmental organizations, World Vision again set its foot to another ground spoiled by a storm. World Vision facilitates agricultural recovery through the provision of rice and vegetable seedlings which supplied food for 51,303 people during Winter/Spring crop and another 55,191 people during Summer/Autumn crop, allocating fish breed for fish raising and over 1,240 families received a piglet.Agriculture training sessions and technical support services on livelihoods recovery were also conducted as of World Vision (2010) report. Plagued by flood every three years, Bangladesh coping strategies according to Rashid et al. (2006). in his study states them in three broad categories: i) current adjustment strategies of reducing household food consumption, shifting to less preferred foods with lower cash cost, and reallocating household labor to increase current income, ii) unsecured borrowing which refers to borrowing that is not secured by providing household assets as collateral and, iii) secured borrowing denotes borrowing against assets owned by the household.Northern and Central parts of the Lao PDR were struck by Typhoon Haima on June 24-25, 2011 which disturbed the local people’s livelihoods, assets and properties. The Long Term Development Needs (24-60 months) requires the strengthening of farmers groups and developing their capability on livelihood diversification, association with banks, opening herd and flock health programs and coordinating with government for required technical liveli hood (Government of the Lao PDR, 29 August 2011). Typhoons (also identified as hurricanes) were typically trailed with flashfloods, mudslides, landslides and even loss, which can be either life or livelihood, or worse, it can be both.The story about Sendong relates to numerous other countries for which livelihood and economic faiths were unfortunately washed off by the unrelenting strong winds and heavy rains. Livelihood recovery is considered as one of the much disturbed factor of the society after calamity. Most of the moderate to severe affected countries caused by typhoons tends to recover two to seven years. This review of the literature shows the dependence of affected communities to government, private and no-government organizations in order to recuperate what was deemed lost, further reflecting the lack of indigenous knowledge, education and systems to make the coping as effective and successful one. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe research design used in this study is qualitative method which emphasizes descriptions and explanations of human experience and practices in an attempt to understand how the research participants experience and explain their lives in reality. This research focused on investigation of the livelihood recovery activities and interventions received by each family within a given location. Personal interviewing is what we use to better understand and get more specific details about the victims’ experiences which are relevant in this study. Guide questions, informal discussions will be used as methods in this research to collect data from the respondents which will result to the revelations of vital.Before interviewing the respondents, the researchers prepared a letter addressed to the Barangay Captain asking permission to conduct an interview with the victims of Sendong. Set of guide questions has been prepared in English based on the objectives of the study and later be translated into the vernacular language. Purposive sampling will be employed from at least 15 self-employed respondents. Before starting the interview, the researchers will explain the purpose and goals of this research to the respondent. The interview will take place in the respondents’ homestead during their free time. An audio recorder will be used with respondents’ permission to record the entire interview along with detailed notes on each interview. The results then were collected, tallied, analyzed and interpreted.

Mandigo Should Kids Play Tackle Football? Essay

Football is a contact sport; a fast-paced, hard-hitting game. It is the number one sports Americans love. The American football players in the NFL started off playing the sport they love at a young age. As of 2015, 1.23 million boys from the ages of six to twelve, played football as their sport. Most of America’s youth boys go into playing football with the mindset of excelling into the NFL. However, they should be aware of the dangerous repercussions that will follow while playing football. Every week thousands of men and boys across the country take part in football and every week these men and boys receive violent hits during the game. Frequently, because of these violent hits, the player receives a concussion. However, the long-term effects of concussions on players are not fully understood. New research shows that even a slight concussion in a football game can have lasting effects on a player. As a result of this research, children under the age of fourteen should not pl ay tackle football. There’s no question, football is the most popular spectator sport in the United States. Over one-third of the country tunes in for the Super Bowl. Despite the sport’s immense popularity, many parents are hesitant to let their children play it given the obvious injury risk. While there is a risk of injury — like any other sport — letting your child play football might not be as crazy as it sounds. Football at its core is not a soft sport, and contact is a pertinent aspect of the game. There is a literal and figurative lesson being taught: When you get knocked down, you must get back up. Football also teaches children to have fun; it’s a fun sport played by boys who also are there for fun. Yes, these facts are true. Football can be fun and it is indeed not a soft sport but that’s more reason why children shouldn’t play tackle football. It’s all fun and games until a ten-year-old boy receives a fatal concussion and can no longer pl ay football. Most of the deaths attributed to concussions from playing football are older boys and men. However, David Sumner a ten-year-old from Simi Valley, California died from head injuries sustained while playing football. He collapsed on the field and an autopsy later revealed he suffered an acute subdural hematoma. An acute subdural hematoma in football is rare, but it does happen. Children are more susceptible because of the size of their head and because their brain is still developing. Tackle football is dangerous and children are the most venerable to concussions received in the game. In recent years, a large quantity of research has been conducted on head injuries and concussions. Dr. Robert Cantu, the director of Boston University’s Center for the study of Traumatic Encephalopathy has been a leader in this research. He describes a concussion as, â€Å"shaking of the brain inside the skull that changes the alertness of the injured person†. A concussion can range from rel atively mild to very profound. Until recently there were very few guidelines to help players and coaches diagnose a concussion. In fact, a football player was encouraged to just shake it off and go back in the game. But with the new understanding of what happens to the brain when a player receives a concussion, a player must be removed from the game after sustaining a concussion. Concussions can seriously affect a football player’s health. Especially a child under the age of fourteen – their brain is still developing – can be the most dangerous thing for them. Football doesn’t just cause dangerous outcomes for the players but, it can cause the players to be dangerous. Take Ray Rice for instance. He was a beloved running back football player for the Baltimore Ravens. He had millions of fans going to games to watch him play against other teams. He was even soon to be married to his fiancà ©e Janay Palmer. Yet, everything came to a halt when he physically assaulted her in an elevator. Ray Rice beat his wife-to-be. It was disgusting, abhorrent, and unforgivable. NFL players suffer repeated blows to the head every Sunday. A star player like Rice will get tackled hundreds of times every year. And there is evidence to suggest that all those hits to the brain may increase the propensity to commit domestic violence. Brian O’Connor o f Futures Without Violence told Forbes Magazine, â€Å"NFL players are taught to be aggressive; they deal with all kinds of high-pressure stressors and triggers†, O’Connor pointed out, from a career that plays out on national TV to the possibility of getting cut from a team without a guaranteed salary. There’s no debate that football itself changes the brains of its players. The NFL has admitted to it. The sport’s head injuries have long-lasting consequences — and may even alter personalities in the short term. NFL players are about four times more likely to be arrested for domestic abuse than you’d expect, based on their overall arrest rates. Counting Ray Rice, more than two-dozen pro football players have been arrested for domestic abuse in the past five years alone (FiveThirtyEight.com). Children aspiring to reach the NFL, and those who do get into the NFL, are at a possibility to be domestically violent. Football is teaching children to be aggressive and not in a good way. The smallest thing could trigger them, like nagging, and it could cause them to physically lash out at someone. It’s better to prevent a child from being domestically violent now than being too late and they become like Ray Rice. Football is a great sport to watch, but not to play. Children under the age of fourteen should not play tackle football. Evidence has been shown that they are prone to get little to fatal concussions, and could become domestically violent if they still aspire to go into the NFL. The brain is still developing for children under the age of fourteen. Having them play football is dangerous for them. They could simply sprain their ankle or die at a young age. Or, even worse, get arrested at twenty-seven for beating their significant other in an elevator. Parents of children who want to play tackle football, take these factors into consideration. These factors will be the result of your child’s future if you let them play tackle football. Save your child from the dangerous repercussions of sport and do not let them play tackle football.

Behaviour Therapy for Child Sleep Disorder

Behaviour Therapy for Child Sleep Disorder Aims: Outlines the nature of behavioural aspects of children’s sleep and how these might be addressed by behaviour therapy. Clinical considerations concerned with the use of behavioural therapy are also highlighted. Consider behavioural aspects (ie, learned behaviours) and their relevance for our understanding of children’s sleep patterns and management of their sleep disorders. Increase awareness of how behavioural factors may play a role in the development and treatment of wide-ranging paediatric sleep disorders and to discuss clinical considerations relevant to management planning and decisions about whether to refer a child for specialist behavioural therapy. Classification: International Classification of Sleep Disorders of ‘‘behavioural insomnia of childhood’’:Â  (present with difficulty settling to sleep, nightwaking and/or early waking difficulties) Overall prevalence rates of 30% ‘‘inappropriate sleep onset asso ciations’’ (ie, where the child has not learnt to fall asleep without a set of problematic or demanding conditions such as parents’ being present), ‘ ‘limit-setting sleep disorder’’ (ie where the care giver demonstrates insufficient or inappropriate limit-setting to establish appropriate sleep behaviour in the child) ‘‘combined’’subtype where these two problems co-exist. 25–50% of 6–12-month olds have difficulty settling to sleep or waking in the night do not decrease with age: by age 3 years, 25–30% have sleeplessness problems With similar percentages reported for the 3–5-year age group, 43% of 8–10-year olds 23% of 10– 17-year olds. These problems are not transient; an epidemiological study of a cohort of 5-year olds suggested that sleeping problems at age 5 years were significantly associated with sleeping difficulties at age 6 months (or before) and that children with sleep problems at age 5 years were more likely to have sleeping problems at 10 years. Over 80 sleep disorders listed in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, which are divided into six main categories: insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders, hypersomnia of central origin, circadian rhythm disorders (ex. Delayed sleep phase syndrome) parasomnias (ex. Sleep terrors, nightmares) Helped by beh therapy. sleep-related movement disorder (ex. nocturnal headbanging) (in preliminary reports) Behavioural Interventions: Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired with a naturally occurring stimulus, which evokes the desired behavioural response until, after multiple pairings, the neutral stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit the desired behaviour; thus behaviours are conditioned to be elicited by antecedent conditions. Operant conditioning involves the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behaviour. The particular intervention strategy used will vary depending on family and child factors and the nature of the sleep disturbance one hopes to address. General Principles: (The more consistently these principles are applied, the easier it will be for the child to learn) Behaviour can be encouraged by linking it with an antecedent stimulus, which serves to trigger the desired behaviour. Reinforcement- Behaviour is likely to recur if the consequences of the behaviour were reinforcing for the child. (Can be pos or neg) Extinction, or removing reinforcement (eg, drinks, parental presence, attention) maintaining the undesired behaviour (eg, crying, refusal to settle to sleep without the above) can be achieved gradually or abruptly. Shaping- A new behaviour can be encouraged by rewarding a series of responses that more and more closely resemble the desired behaviour. Punishment- Behaviour is less likely to occur if followed by a punishing consequence. (Can be pos or neg) Rewards Success

Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Report - Coursework Example The period is deemed to be the duration taken for one complete oscillation. The frequency can be deemed to be the number of oscillations that the pendulum can make per unit time the inverse of which is the period i.e. f = 1/T. The amplitude is the longest distance that is traversed by the pendulum in reference to its equilibrium position. The displacement causes the exertion of force that tends to restore the pendulum to its equilibrium position (Nethercott & Walton 2013). The sum vector of the gravitational force of the mass of the pendulum (mg) and the tension force (T) shown in Figure 1. They constitute the restoring force whose magnitude depends on the displacement from the equilibrium position. Therefore, the restoring force F can be calculated as The negative sign is an indication that the restoring force is in the opposite direction of the displacement. For small amplitudes, ÃŽ ¸ is small and therefore ÃŽ ¸ can be used in place of sinÃŽ ¸. Therefore, the resulting equation is The aim of this experiment is to estimate the acceleration due to gravity using a pendulum. For purposes of this experiment, the independent variable is the length of the pendulum whereas the period is the dependent variable (Bolton and Bolton 2012). The table top stand with clamp was placed on a flat working surface. The string was then passed through the pendulum bob and knotted as appropriate to hold the bob in position. The string with the pendulum attached to one end was passed through the split cork, and the length of string adjusted to 0.85m before being clamped onto the retort stand. A Vernier calipers was used to measure the diameter. The length of the string was adjusted to about .8 m. Therefore, the length of the pendulum is l = ls + r .where r is the radius of the bob. The pendulum was then displaced approximately 5Â º from its equilibrium position and left to swing back and forth. The time taken for 6 complete oscillations was recorded

Agile Software Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Agile Software Development - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of agile development as a unique way in which IT projects and management teams are organized and managed for effective and efficient software development. Agile software development is a combination of various methodologies in software development which are based on incremental and iterative approaches in software development. These approaches involve software development process which is characterized by a collaboration of teams in the evolution of software from the requirements and the attainment of a solution to the problem. Â  The teams within the agile software development process are usually, cross functional and self-organizing. Agile software development serves to promote adaptability in software planning, efficiency in the evolution of software during its development and effectiveness and speed in delivery of complete and functional software. The iterative approach to agile software development is the most significant aspect of t he process as it prepares the organization for a flexible and often rapid process of change so that their response to the new software is also fast. The agile software development process provides a framework in which the whole software development process and the cycle are designed in a manner which makes it as interactive as possible. Extreme Programming (XP), Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM), Feature-Driven Development (FDD), Scrum, Lean Development, and Crystal are the most common agile software development methodologies. Â  ... 2010, p. 126). Extreme Programming (XP), Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM), Feature-Driven Development (FDD), Scrum, Lean Development and Crystal are the most common agile software development methodologies. The agile software development process unites the various methodologies of software development into common goals, vision and values. Evolution of Agile Development In 2001 a group of IT and software development experts came together to find a solution to the frequent failure of the traditional software development projects which was caused by poor management of the processes and activities of software development within organizations, companies and public agencies. The group decided to share ideas so that they would come up with a better approach to software development. This group came up with the Agile Manifesto from which the agile software development concept is derived. The Agile Manifesto describes core values that the group who proposed it considered the most sign ificant and relevant in the contemporary software development processes and management (Lee and Xia, 2010, p. 87). Agile software development combines the various development methodologies and approaches in an iterative and developmental process which involves continuous feedback which promotes the development of a refined software system and its efficient delivery to the customer (Mishra and Mishra, 2011, p. 54). The processes of the agile software development include planning, testing, integration and evolution of the software in a continuous process. The evolution of the agile software development processes from the traditional approaches is demonstrated by the fact that the agile software development processes are lightweight and thus adaptable and thus efficiency and

Cultural Tradition and Saudi Female Leadership Assignment

Cultural Tradition and Saudi Female Leadership - Assignment Example Depending on the situation, women reporting a crime or incident might not feel comfortable relaying the information to a man. According to Saudi male officials, there are many reasons why women should not partake in leadership roles. One specific reason has to do with the cultural norms of Saudi society. Women have taken the role as caregiver to their children and because of this roles, it is very difficult for them to advance their careers. Also, according to according to the Islamic religion, women must be submissive to there husband: the husband is the leader or head of the household. Thus, because of this thought, it is difficult for the society to change their views on how women should participate within the community. In fact one of the most significance reasons is the embodied cultural tradition, which is against women’s educational leadership (Ghanim, 2009). The women in Saudi Arabia face many hardships. There are so many hidden cultural rules that when broken by Saudi Arabian women the punishment is always harsh. Thus, women cannot gain the necessary respect needed to achieve or take on a leadership role. According to Saudi traditions, everything related to women should be excluded from men (Chaney and Martin, 2007). Leadership and to be a leader within Saudi Arabia is of great concern to citizens. For this reason, men believe it is best if women do not participate in these leadership roles. Thus, women are not empowered or given a voice. Such a perception and gender stereotypes are still major obstacles to women’s absolute access to leadership positions. Taleb (2010) added that good leadership qualities are not gender-specific. She declared the difference between men and women leadership roles is their authority. What is meant by this is that civil laws in Saudi society do not give women enough rights to be independent and or l ead. Women are also at a disadvantage because they are not allowed to drive and cannot travel without their

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments - Essay Example This led to demand of a change on the system to come up with protective rights for the participants. The research participants have a right to be respected despite the type of research being conducted. Research always seeks to learn new things about human conditions and the participants that are involved should not be treated as objects of study but as human beings. If research is being conducted on inanimate objects then there are no moral questions raised but as long as human beings are involved then they must be respected. Individuals should participate in research only if the questions being addressed are important and the risks involved are justifiable. The participant should be informed and participation should be voluntary (Brody, 2007). In addition, the participants have a protection right to having independent review on the risks and benefits of being involved in the study. The investigator needs to ensure that the participants have reviewed the risks and benefits involved and they have seen that they are reasonable. A set structure has the responsibility of conducting the reviews. This opportunity ensures that a participant sees the risks in relation to the potential benefits and volunteers to continue with the research. The risks and benefits should be examined carefully to avoid overlooking the benefits over the risks involved. The participants also have right to privacy during the study. It is a participants right to have privacy interests in relation to personal information, their body, and the space they occupy. Different medical studies affect the domains of privacy through different ways depending on the objectives and methods. The participants have the right to control information related to themselves. Privacy should always be respected and information on the participants should not be disclosed. It is the ethical duty of the investigators or researchers safeguard

Nominal and Real GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nominal and Real GDP - Essay Example As per common belief nominal GDP is the total of all the products and services produced by a country in a particular time span, generally one year, expressed in current prices (NZIER.org, 2006). Nominal GDP technically does not include all the goods and services produced by any country. This would lead to double counting of certain products. To avoid this error, only the final product value is taken into consideration. In this value the share of intermediaries (Eg: Raw material suppliers) is apportioned according to their value add to the final product. This usage of intermediates to produce a final product is called as intermediate consumption. Hence nominal GDP is the sum total of all the products and services produced in a country in a specific time period minus the intermediate consumption (NZIER.org, 2006). Increase in nominal GDP is not a reflection of actual economic growth according to economists (Baumol and Blinder, 2004). In nominal GDP, as the current prices are considered, the increase over the previous year is not comparable. Nominal GDP will also show variations according to inflation. If inflation is higher, then nominal GDP is higher. This explains that nominal GDP only reflects changes in prices and does not reflect changes in output levels. Hence GDP is indexed against a base year and the increase from that year is calculated.

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Accounting - Essay Example This has affected the performance of entire divisions ROI. The company should therefore be more careful in selecting assets in the future in order to make sure that its ROI remains high at all the times. The performance of the newly purchased capital item could also be low because the company is charging too high depreciation in the early years. Although depreciation does not incur any outward cash flow, but it is recorded in order to get the tax advantage. The company can lower the depreciation amount for the capital item in order to improve the divisional ROI accruing for the Capex (Capital Expenditure). Gary Speed can improve the performance of future Capital Acquisitions by keeping in mind the depreciation and ROI calculation policies of the company. Since these policies are little different from the market, Gary Speed will have to change his accounting practices and way of thinking accordingly in order to predict a more accurate ROI and cost saving plan from the new purchase. Gary Speed can improve the ROI from the capital expenditure by lowering down the depreciation of the assets in the first year. He can charge lower depreciation in the earlier years and higher depreciation in the future years in order to show to the board that the purchase is performing as well as expect . Gary Speed can also formulate a new plan for calculating ROI. He should make changes to the way EverGreen Corporation calculates the ROI on its Capex. One great of calculating the accurate ROI from the capital purchase or a project is by using the IRR or internal rate of return method. Gary Speed can use this method in order to get the accurate picture of ROI and profitability potential of new purchases. This way he can be sure that the ROI from the project is neither overstated nor understated. This will give the accountants in the company and managers a better ground to base their decisions upon. Currently, the

Reconstruction in the South Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction in the South Essay Reconstruction is the Federal Governments plan(s) to abolish slavery, change the way of life in the South, and to bring the nation back together after the devastating effects of the Civil War. Many Government plans were brought up but never fell through. Likewise, Presidents over the years, after the Civil War, had also brought their own Reconstruction plans to the nation. Several good things came from each plan but not one individual plan had drastically changed America on its own. Although Lincoln and his 10% plan would have reshaped the nation and connected the broken line between the North and South, however, it had never taken action because of Lincoln’s assassination on April 14, 1865. However, Reconstruction created many new social changes to the nation. Civil Rights had been shaped over many years; the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments were passed giving African Americans the right to vote, and the Freedmen’s Bureau was established. Reconstruction was a long and rough time for the government and the people. Our Nation had never before needed to recover from such a tremendous loss from something like the Civil War. Reconstruction had failed in several ways. Slavery had still been practiced in the south under different titles of work, ways of life in the south had remained the same, and Redeemers made sure blacks were not represented in government. Before this particular Reconstruction plan was brought up it had been thought a bout for awhile by a group of Radical Republicans who created the Radical Republicans’ Plan. These Radicals wanted to spark the necessity to take action on the problems occurring in the South. The plan had consisted of three major ideas; â€Å"these ideas were based off of revenge, concern for the freedmen, and political concerns† (Travel and History par. 1). One of the ways that these Radicals wanted revenge was by â€Å"punishing the South for causing the war† (Travel and History par. 1). They also felt that â€Å"Southern states had to apply for readmission back into the Union and were required to submit state constitutions that ratified the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments (Ohio History Central par. 11). Also when Ulysses S. Grant took office he â€Å"kept soldiers in the former Confederacy for the duty of protecting African Americans from the Ku Klux Klan and similar groups (Ohio History Central par. 11). These Radicals felt that â€Å"the federal government had a role to play in the transition of freedmen from slavery to freedom† (Travel and History par. 1). They believed that the government needed to aid former slaves into getting good work and treated fairly. Also, many members â€Å"wanted to keep the Republicans Party in power in both the North and the South† (Travel and History par. 1). This way only Republican ideas would be brought up and many Republican based laws would be passed. This is the general idea for the Radical Republicans’ plan and would not be brought up again until Ulysses S. Grant is elected into the Presidency. The former Civil War, Union General, Ulysses S. Grant was elected into office in 1868. President Grant did not take much care in his Presidency campaign because he did not care if he had won or lost. Thus, Grant did not have his own plan for the problems of Reconstruction. However, Grant was a Republican and â€Å"favored the Radical Republicans’ Plan,† (Ohio History Central par. 11) so most of what he tried to accomplish was based on these views. When Grant won his election many republicans realized that he had won by a small margin of votes. Looking deeper they noticed that â€Å"roughly 450,000 African Americans had voted Republican and the majority of whites in the South voted Democrat† (Davidson J. p. 348). Republicans in office realized that an amendment must be created to protect black voting rights so the African American population would co ntinue to vote Republican. The Fifteenth Amendment was created in 1869 and was ratified in 1870; â€Å"this forbade any state to deny any man the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude† (Davidson J. p. 348). However, many states found loopholes to this amendment by issuing literacy tests, poll taxes, and property requirements for voting. Mainly this counted out most of the African American voting population. Although he his mostly known for his scandals, Grant had many other significant highlights during his time as President that greatly contributed to Reconstruction in the South. During his time in office, â€Å"Grant signed a series of Reconstruction related ‘Enforcement Acts’† (Simpson B. par. 6). The main effect these laws had was they â€Å"completely denied states to deny any man the right to vote† (Simpson B. par. 6). He had also signed the Ku Klux Klan act which banned the â€Å"illegal intimidation† of blacks where states were unwilling or unable to provide protection, and for private parties to conspire to violate civil rights. Violation of this law was a federal crime. Before Grant had left office, â€Å"In 1875 he signed last major piece of Civil Rights legislation until 1964† (Simpson B. par. 6). In 1877, Grant had completed his final term as President. Several years later Grant had been slipping deeper and deeper into debt from family troubles. He started to write his memoirs and later had attracted cancer. After he had finished his memoirs he had died in 1897, from the cancer he had acquired. Luckily his writings had sold more than enough copies to provide and settle his family’s debt. Reconstruction had ended in 1877, and many of Grant’s accomplishments had changed society in the South and for the future. Bibliography Davidson, James W., and Brian DeLay. U.S. A Narrative History. 1st ed. Vol. 2. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009. Print . Foner, Eric. Reconstruction Americas unfinished revolution, 1863-1877. New York: Harper Row, 1988. Print . Radical Republican Reconstruction Plan. Travel and History. Web. 11 Sept. 2009. . Reconstruction Ohio History Central A product of the Ohio Historical Society. Ohio History Central An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History Ohio Historical Society. Web. 1 Sept. 2009. . Simpson, Brooks D. Let Us Have Peace: The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. Teaching American History in Maryland Documents for the Classroom Maryland State Archives. Web. 14 Sept. 2009. .

Globalization in Southeast Asia

Globalization in Southeast Asia One of the major causes of change in the nations and borders of Southeast Asia (SEA) would be the impact of globalization. Globalization promotes increasing contact with other nation-states be it through social media, economic exchange, politics and many other areas. Already, we see results in the form of increasing cooperation through international relations system like ASEAN. However, globalization can change the borders of the region not only through increased cooperation but also through increased competition. In exploring how globalization change nations and borders in Southeast Asia, this paper will also examine how globalization makes economies competitive and this will change nations and border by bringing SEA together through economic integration or result in the battle of economies. In the area of international relations, we see globalization changing nations and borders of Southeast Asia through increased regional cooperation in the formation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The establishment of ASEAN on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok during the middle of the Vietnam War was an attempt by SEA states to prevent intraregional conflict, and to create a voice for themselves in the broader Cold War arena.(Bennett) It also represented an attempt at redefining the individual nation-states as being a part of a regional entity. Globalization of the Cold War had created a need for neighbouring nation-states to become more inter-dependent on one another for the sake of national and regional security and in doing so, brought about increased regional cooperation and the formalization of it through the establishment of ASEAN. However, with comparatively minimal threat to national security in recent years, the impact of globalization is in recent years most prominently manifested in the area of economic relations. Singapore is a small concentrated country in Southeast Asia that has been affected by globalization. The country is known for its tiger economies being the most open, trade oriented economies and home to over 6000 Trans-national corporations making it a sanctuary for international investors. (WriteWork) Singaporeans have a strong entrepreneurial ability and using their surplus of funds they are able to invest in technology and social services increasing their economic development. (WriteWork) One important thing to note here is that countries in SEA adjusted and adapted to globalization in different ways and this has resulted in each countries being currently situated at different stages of development. There was tension due to water supply issues between Singapore and Malaysia. Malaysia claimed that the water supply that was supplied to Singapore was underpaid and that Kuala Lumpur wanted a reasonable price. Singapore rejected the allegations from Malaysia. If this issue is not properly solved military conflict could ignite which hurts both nations. Singapore, which lacks natural resources, obtains half of its daily water from Malaysia to maintain its growing population.(Agence France Press) This is one of the frequent issues that has created friction between the states since Singapore became independent from the Malaysian Federation in 1965.(Agence France Press)In this way, globalization has changed the ways in which nation-states in SEA conduct international relations. That having said, a straining of relationships between countries at different stages of economic development is not the only way in which globalization has affected Southeast Asian economies. On the flip side, globalization has also brought about increased economic integration. For example, the Brunei dollar is pegged to the Singapore dollar at a 1:1 ratio. (Go Currency) This is beneficial for both countries since they are major trading partners. This shows that a common currency, much like the Euro which was adopted by countries in the European Union, is not mere fantasy but a possible direction for the future of SEA states. Similarly, we see examples of regional cooperation where economic aid was provi ded through ASEAN system The 1997 financial crisis provoked ASEAN to aid its nations by facilitating accelerates local financial cooperation. The ASEAN Vision 2020 which they launched that year, leaders resolved to preserve macroeconomic stability, to carry on liberalization of financial service sectors and to carefully cooperate in money, tax and custom matters.(ASEAN) This shows that globalization has also resulted in increased economic integration as countries in the region become increasingly aware of a shared fate especially in terms of economic growth through the Asian Financial Crisis for one. Globalization has increased interactions between people and their ideas in many ways. People are travelling more frequently and more widely. In recent decades, migration has become easier due to reduced importance of geographic distance in determining boundaries of labor markets. This is the result of improved transport, and rapid movement of communication technologies that its possible. Migration is necessary for countries to secure the advantages of global flows of trade and gain a comparative advantage over other nations. When a nation lacks a specific ability, the easiest way fix it is to import it. (Ewers) The knowledge of a nations workforce is a priority because it becomes a commodity. As mentioned many MNCs have headquarter centers in Singapore. This encourages migration of highly-skilled foreign workers that provide human capital towards the region. Taking all the above points into consideration, in terms of national and regional economy, I propose two possible future directions in which globalization can impact the nations and borders of SEA. One, globalization could increase competition leading to countries in the region battling it out in order to establish an economic advantage over the other. For example, overall, that there is increasing competition on the economic level between Southeast Asia and China as sites for manufacturing, light industry, information technology and low salaries.( Bersick and Pasch 21) A more positive outlook for the future would be increased economic integration for the region. Malaysia and Brunei have agreed to a bilateral cooperation in the oil and natural gas division. (Shams) The Malaysian state-owned oil and gas company, and Brunei National Petroleum Company signed the Memorandum of Understanding. The MoU, confirmed the commitment to take bilateral relations to a new stage of enhanced partnership and expressed their mutual desire for the continuous and expeditious implementation. (Brudirect)This is a progressive action taken by these two countries in the South China Sea to explore oil resources. Both leaders emphasized that their hopes was to express the increasing level of trade and investment between the two countries would continue to accelerate. (Brudirect) What we can safely conclude at this point is that the degree of economic cooperation that will develop in the future depends on how closely related national interest is to regional interest in the view of the SEA governments. The more closely related national interest is to regional interest, the better opportunities for regional cooperation as evidenced in the formation of ASEAN where regional security was judged to be crucial to national security. Indeed, with already established frameworks like ASEAN, increased economic cooperation does not seem like impossible at all. In the future as a result of globalization, Southeast Asian nations have a probable chance at integration and unity through economic means. This can be achieved through existing frameworks of regional cooperation such as ASEAN which function as peacekeeping system but also emphasizes economic collaboration with other countries. Utilizing the European Union as inspiration and as a stepping stone for Southeast Asia is a vital strategy as well. If the Southeast nations could overcome their challenges, if they initiate to work among each other not only will they form similar objectives and create mutual trust but perhaps build an over-arching identity.

Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

Gatsby meets a woman and falls in love with her. However, Gatsby does not have the fame and fortune a classy lady like Daisy desires. Gatsby decides to devote his whole life to achieving the material goods with which to satisfy Daisy. He lives in the past on a moment of absolute happiness hoping he can relive that state of emotion sometime in the future. F. Scott Fitzgerald published the book in 1925 using the actual time in history, the Roaring Twenties to help create Gatsby's character. Gatsby's participation in the bootlegging business, the extravagant parties he throws, and the wealthy, careless lifestyle the Buchanans represent, are all vivid pictures of that time frame. Fitzgerald's portrayal of the time period creates lifelike characters in the novel. By creating these personable characters, Fitzgerald is allowing the reader to associate himself with Gatsby, and letting him use his imagination, so that in the end, the reader can decide if the Great Gatsby is truly 'great'. Fitzgerald allows the reader to incorporate the story into their own past and past relationships, ultimately putting the reader in Gatsby's shoes and seeing what the reader would do in the same situation. It raises a great debate; should people live their lives yearning for something in the past? Is it acceptable to live one's whole life on a past experience or memory hoping to reach back in time and pull the past to the present. Is it healthy? In this case, Fitzgerald is saying no its not healthy. He says it ruins a person and things change. Is Gatsby great? In some ways he is, you have to admire a man who lives his whole life devoting himself to his passion and never getting sidetracked. But you also have to realize that some things are foolish to live a dream upon, because nothing ever stays the same. Things change and when you reach a goal you realize it wasn't what you

Comparing Song of Roland, The Life Story of Pavlichenko, and The Prince :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing Song of Roland, The Life Story of Pavlichenko, and The Prince Abstract: By evaluating different approaches of rulers to their vassals, in The Song of Roland and The Life Story of Pavlichenko, Matvey Rodionych, it is shown that Machiavelli made a mistake when he came up with his general rule: â€Å"It is much safer to be feared than loved, if hi is to fail in one of the two.† (Machiavelli, 54). Darwin explained in his theory of natural selection, which primarily explains evolution, however also can be applied to any other situation in which sustainability is the primary concern as in ruler – vassal relationships, that only the strongest survived. Disregarding this fact Machiavelli came up with a false theory. Charlemagne is loved and succeeds, and only when hated he gets in danger. Nikitinsky is feared and dies. Both stories suit the condition of Machiavelli’s rule, and still it fails. When Darwin came up with his theory of natural selection, he explained why rulers, once they have acquired power, behave in a certain way that, to their belief, sustains their position. 1 Approximately 350 years earlier, Niccolà ² Machiavelli formulated a set of rules which was supposed to support rulers, in his case the prince of Milan, in doing so. One of his rules is: â€Å"It is much safer for a ruler to be feared than loved, if he is to fail in one of the two†(Machiavelli, 54). Juxtaposing The Song of Roland and The Life Story of Pavlichenko, Matvey Rodionych, two stories written on the bases of Ruler – Vassal relations, it becomes doubtful whether Machiavelli’s theory can be taken as cornerstone for any ruler’s principles. The theory of natural selection is widely accepted and will therefore be taken as fact in this argument. Darwin states in his theory that only the strongest survive. That suggests that a ruler’s position is only sustainable if he is stronger than his subjects and adversaries. Stronger in this case can be both, physically for example through armed forces or even physical strength, and psychologically for example through the use of superior rhetoric or wit. In most cases however, a combination of both will be necessary. In examining the relation of the ruler to his vassals, it is just as important to take into account other goals the ruler might have besides sustaining his position. His priority might also be the general well-being and the continuous development of his

Free Macbeth Essays: Character, Language, Atmosphere and Irony :: Macbeth essays

Character, Language, Atmosphere and Irony in Macbeth What kind of people are the characters in this drama? How can we decide? Characters in Shakespearean drama are judged by (i) their actions; (ii) what others say of them (iii) what they themselves say in public (iv) by what they say in soliloquy, i.e. when thinking aloud or in 'asides' . We tend to judge people by their actions and by what they say in public, but these are not always a true reflection of the real character; people do not always reveal themselves to others, so we can only accept this evidence with reservation. In 'Macbeth' we learn that Duncan has been deceived by the first Thane of Cawdor whom he considered to have been "a gentleman on whom I built An absolute trust" yet who was guilty of treason. Again Lady Macbeth's words to Duncan, Act I, Sc. vi "Your servants ever Have theirs, themselves, and what is theirs, in compt, To make their audit at your highness' pleasure, Still to return your own", are spoken shortly after she has decided that he will be murdered. Only w hen they think aloud,(soliloquy), can we accept without reservation what they say. "In soliloquy lies truth". At the same time there are different interpretations of a soliloquy, and of the tone in which it is spoken. It all depends on the reader's attitude. It is a good approach to be open-minded, to attempt to look at both sides of the question, before arriving at a conclusion. Language In Macbeth Language Language is made up of words and sounds; it is concerned with creating effect by producing images and by placing words. It includes syntax, diction and even tone. Imagery involves the working of the senses, the vivid description of an odour, a melody, a visual picture, of taste or touch. Syntax refers to the order of words in a sentence, the length of sentences. It is associated with diction and imagery, e.g. in the use of inversion (changing the normal order of words often for emphasis), eclipses (omitting certain words) and antithesis (setting one word or idea against another with the object of heightening the effect of what is said). Diction is the writer's choice of words. The dramatist may use religious terms, technical terms, dialect, or may even create words. He may use multi-syllabic words, or monosyllabic words. The imagery in Shakespeare has been discussed elsewhere.

Factors Affecting Failing Grade

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTOIN Many factors can affect academic performance, which means how a person does on schoolwork. The physical condition of the student has a great deal to do with that person's ability to do a good a good job on anything and to understand anything. For example, if the student has poor eyesight, he or she might not be able to read well. If the student has a hearing impairment, he or she might not be able to listen to and understand instructions.If the student has a disease, it might impair his or her ability to do the required work. Students with less money might not be able to purchase school supplies that could help them with their work — rulers, paper, pens, computers, books, etc. Students with less money might have household responsibilities that wealthier students do not have — babysitting for younger kids while the parents work second and third jobs, working for money outside of school, or spending homework time waiting in line for food at a food s helter.Students might live in difficult conditions without electricity or water, and might have to go away from home to take a shower, brush their teeth, have breakfast, and wash their clothing. Some students are just not disciplined and lack good organizational skills. They often fall under the pressure of their peers. Rather than using good discretion, they feel compelled to follow others (socially), when they really should be attending to their studies. Scope and limitation This Research is mainly dealt with knowing purchase and ost purchase behaviour. This Research is focuses on product output which customer get from the product. This Research is also focus on changing preference of customers because in today’s time there are so many best option for customer for every electronic product. This Research also studies that product are reaching up to the expectation of customer or not. A electronic product company differentiate its product on different grounds. So we study tha t, for which qualities company is advertising, those features that product have or not.Definition of Terms Students – A student is a learner, or someone who attends an educational institution. Academic performance – refers to how students deal with their studies and how they cope with or accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers. Study Habits – It means you are not distracted by anything, you have a certain place to go where it is quiet everyday where you study and do homework. Basically it means that you are doing the best you can to get the grades you want.Work load – The amount of work assigned to or expected from a worker in a specified time period. Financial problems – can ultimately lead to a bad credit rating. This can affect one's ability to buy a house, purchase a car or even get a job. Emotional Condition – is an increasingly common occurrence in today’s hectic and often toxic lifestyles. Grades – in the realm of education are standardized measurements of varying levels of comprehension within a subject area. Bibliography http://herkules. oulu. fi/isbn9514265556/html/x131. tml http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Failing-Grades/847357 http://thesisworks. com/2011/casestudy-format/objectives-study-sample/ http://www. scribd. com/doc/10036097/Sample-Thesis-Chapter-1 http://www. scribd. com/doc/10036097/Sample-Thesis-Chapter-1 http://virtualmentor. ama-assn. org/2009/11/ccas2-0911. html http://www. scribd. com/doc/11822201/example-of-a-research-paper http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Factors-Affecting-Academic-Performance/624248 http://www. scribd. com/doc/12760820/Scope-and-Delimitation

Integrating learning styles Essay

Facilitators use different learning styles such as auditory, kinetic, and visual methods to enhance each student’s ability to grasp material the simplest way possible. Through research, instructors have adapted many instructing methods to tap into each student’s learning style without alienated other strategies necessary for various learners. Auditory strategies may include speeches, tapes, or auditoria tutorials so the students can complete their work as they listen to the facilitator’s instructions thoroughly (Felder and Soloman, p.1). Instructors should emphasize the key words during their speeches to trigger the student’s critical listening skills. The keywords of the speech should be relative to their new material, but it must advise them on how to carry out the motions as well (Family Education, p. 2). As in online tutorials, the student must be able to hear the instructions and place the instructions in action by kinetic learning methods. Kinetic methods can include on-hands learning opportunities such as drawing, playing, or writing. An example of this would be to write out the format of a mathematical equation. The students learn to articulate the mathematical structure of the equation in order to answer the question more thoroughly (Felder and Soloman, p. 2). Instructors can use hands-on applications to break the barrier between the textbooks and the information’s overall objective. For instance, an electrical engineer must use their knowledge in the field in order to work diligently through their coursework. It is very important to give the students a chance to have a complete understanding of what their class material is about through kinetic methods. Visual instructions show students how to replicate the sequence for a given answer (Family Education, p. 1). For example, a student must know the basics of a mathematical equations in a more, in-depth way to capitalize on the verbal (auditory) and kinetic (working out) aspects of the subject matter. Reference Cited Felder, R. M. and Soloman, B. A. Learning Styles and Strategies. North Carolina State University. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from http://www. ncsu. edu/felder-public /ILSdir/styles. htm. â€Å"Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic Learners. † (2006). Family Education. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from http://school. familyeducation. com/intelligence/teaching-methods/38519. html.

Mouse Trap: Woodstream Corporation

Mouse Trap: Woodstream Corporation The company that has been chosen for this case study is Woodstream Corporation. This company was founded in 1832 and was formerly known as Animal Trap Company of America. It manufactures and markets a variety of pest control products including rodent control, caring control for pets and different types of mouse traps. It has been around for more than 150 years and marketed over 2500 unique products. Woodstream works to bring innovation to consumers by combining category leading products with technology and it services to solve the business needs of the retailer.The business strategy of Woodstream Corporation, in its own words is: â€Å"Our ‘go to market’ strategies are structured to help you optimize inventory levels, maximize sales and grow profitability† (1). The company is striving to give its retailers the maximum sell through innovative products and grow profitably. The president of the company, Harry Whaley, came up with a new and innovative plastic mouse trap also known as live mouse trap, which is more effective and easy to use than the traditional wood mouse trap.However, sales haven’t increased and in this case study we are going to look at the marketing strategy used for two different mouse traps and how it affects the buyer decision process. In order to design a customer-driven marketing strategy, a company must first understand the marketplace as well as the customer’s needs and wants. Seeing a mouse inside the house triggers an individual the need to look for a solution to take care of the problem. That individual is now going to look for a solution that they want in order to satisfy their need.In this case they probably want to get rid of the mouse permanently. In the market place there are two mouse traps available for them with Woodstream Corporation. The traditional wooden mouse trap and the innovative plastic mouse trap which are made by the same company. The traditional woo den mouse trap is known to work fifty percent of the time and it costs 15 cents for a pack of two. The new plastic mouse trap on the other hand is known to be forty percent more effective than the traditional wooden trap but costs a little more with the price of 25 cents per mouse trap.Despite the great effectiveness of the new innovative plastic mouse traps, people still tend to buy more of the wooden traps. It could be because the customer-perceived value of the traditional wooden trap is very high that people still choose to buy the old snap trap. It could also be that the company’s president Harry Whaley was too, focused on innovation and maximizing sales and profitability when creating the new mouse trap that he lost sight of the underlying customer need and value. This is when marketing myopia comes into play.The traditional wooden mouse trap is cheap, good quality and effective in getting rid of the mouse problem permanently. The way it works is the snap bar comes down violently on the head or neck of a mouse killing them instantly. The problem is being solved right then and there because the mouse died. The old traditional wooden trap satisfies the customer need by doing the entire job on its own. The new and innovative plastic mouse trap on the other hand does not complete the job entirely. It is effective in capturing the mouse; in fact it is more effective than the traditional wooden trap however, it only captures the mouse.It doesn’t get rid of the mouse by killing it. Now the consumers are left in a serious dilemma with a live mouse in their trap. Most of them do not want to kill the mouse on their own and they also don’t want to release it near their homes because they are afraid that it will come straight back into the home. In this case the customers are left with a product that solved half of their problem and don’t know what to do afterward. They are not willing to pay a higher price for a product like that despite its effectiveness and innovation.They are more willing to pay less for a traditional wooden mouse trap that satisfies their needs to its entirety. Woodstream might have failed to understand what the customers really want when building this new mouse trap. The company also does not have a well constructed marketing program that promotes the new plastic mousetrap. The more innovative product design does have a little advantage over the old one however; the pricing doesn’t create a real value for the customers. The distribution channel is great because it is being distributed from the same company.Promotion on the other hand needs a lot of improvement. The old traditional mouse trap has been around for many years. A great deal of promotion and advertising was done for this product. The wooden mouse trap also gained a lot of exposure through cartoon television shows for kids like Tom and Jerry, and other media advertising. The new plastic mouse trap on the other hand has not bee n promoted well in today’s media. Not a lot of consumers know about it and for those who haven’t had a mouse problem in the past, the new plastic mousetrap is nonexistent to them. They are unaware of the new and innovated mouse trap.

God Is Black: Examine the Uses of Religious Imagery in the Fire Next Time.

‘God is black’ (The Fire Next Time). Examine the uses of religious imagery in The Fire Next Time. The Fire Next Time includes many religious images concerning race, ethnicity and culture. The first essay, My Dungeon Shook, is a letter from James Baldwin to his nephew, in an attempt to â€Å"strengthen [him] against the loveless world. † The second, Down at the Cross, explores the background experiences that shaped his view of the world, and allowed him to give the advice in the previous essay.Throughout Down at the Cross, Baldwin examines the â€Å"white God† of his Christian youth, and the â€Å"black God† preached by Elijah Mohammed and the Nation of Islam. Although Baldwin acknowledges both groups’ achievements, he is ultimately critical of their ideologies. Baldwin becomes disillusioned with his church; he feels the â€Å"slow crumbling of my faith, the pulverisation of my fortress† after practicing as a preacher for 3 years. Simila rly, he rejects the Nation of Islam’s ideology that God is solely for the black community, and that â€Å"the white man [†¦] is a devil. Baldwin uses religious imagery to advocate a policy of acceptance, of love between black and white. He argues that by making God colour-conscious, and by belonging exclusively to one race, each group is guilty of legitimising and strengthening the racial hatred and discrimination of the time. Baldwin makes it perfectly clear that he values the church. He describes his childhood, in which it saved him from the sordid drugs, prostitution and gambling on the street. He describes his time in the pulpit as â€Å"very exciting,† and confesses that nothing else in his life could â€Å"equal the power and the glory† that he felt while leading a congregation.The language he uses to describe the fervor, the experience, of his sermons is remarkably literary. His personal feelings are clearly being recalled here, as he allows himself to be swept up in the â€Å"fire and excitement that [would] sometimes, without warning, fill a church, causing it [†¦] to ‘rock. ’† This imagery is very visual, as Baldwin allows the reader into his personal view of the church. This strengthens his argument, as it gives it authenticity. However, this does not show the full picture. The Church and the street are linked by Baldwin later in the essay when he asks whether heaven is â€Å"merely another ghetto. This could be seen to be a reference to New York’s status as a ‘safe haven,’ away from the lynching and segregation in the Southern states, however in reality New York was crowded and dangerous. It could also be a reference to how the Church itself is not able to help the black population. It connects the Church and the street, and to some extent brings the dangers of the street into the church itself, something that is expanded upon later when Baldwin complains of the â€Å"ugly an d unctuous flirtatiousness† that he experienced in his Church. This sentence defines the Church, with how it promises much but delivers so little.Baldwin understands what he is arguing against, as he spent 3 years of his childhood totally immersed in its ideologies, and it is only now that he can pick apart its restrictions and failures. `It is these restrictions and failures that cause Baldwin to reject his faith. He comes to realise that â€Å"there was no love in the church. It was a mask for hatred and self-hatred and despair. † He starts to see that instead of practicing a message that God loves everybody, the Christian church protects and loves only those that believe the same thing as them. What he found most disturbing was that this love â€Å"did not apply to white people at all. This split between believers and non-believers did not fit with Baldwin’s theory of acceptance and integration, as he saw is as an example of hypocrisy at the heart of the chur ch. This imagery can be seen to mirror that of segregated America, except it is whites who are marginalised and discriminated against. It perpetuates the notion that black and white are different, and cannot co-operate together. Baldwin fears that it is these teachings – that the black community should not attempt to reconcile with the whites, but should exclude and dislike them – that is the first road block on the journey to racial equality.He believes that â€Å"we cannot be free until they are,† as it is black people who must learn to love those that do not show them love in return, before the white oppressors will come to realise, and therefore be free of, their crimes. Baldwin uses religious imagery to reveal the hypocritical behavior of his fellow preachers. He says that he â€Å"knew where the money for ‘The Lord’s work’ went,† indicating not only that he realised that church money was being stolen and spent by preachers on the mselves, but also the use of inverted commas reveals that Baldwin is rejecting that Church work really helps people at all.It gives it an element of sarcasm, by subverting the framework that he used to preach and turning it into a comment on the failure of the Church’s ability to help, Baldwin shows the depth of his disillusionment. Baldwin’s time in the church also helped him come to realise that racism exists even at the heart of Christianity. He states: â€Å"I realised the Bible had been written by white men. I knew that, according to many Christians, I was a descendant of Ham, who had been cursed, and I was therefore predestined to be a slave. [†¦] My fate had been sealed for ever. †¦] It seemed, when one looked out over Christendom, that this was what Christendom effectively believed. † Baldwin uses Christian imagery in order to highlight its flaws. He reveals an institution that offered nothing more than a vengeful God, who did nothing to help b uild constructive relations between black and white people. The refusal to accept white and black together reveals an institution that is bound by parochialism. As B. Pakrasi has said before, â€Å"Baldwin sees the seeds of hatred and acrimony embedded in the dogma of Christianity perpetuating the belief of a white God. †Another facet of religious imagery that Baldwin critiques is the notion that there is a ‘black God. ’ This is part of the ideology of the Nation of Islam, a group led by Elijah Mohammed, but also closely associated with the radical activist Malcolm X. Baldwin expressly praises the Nation of Islam, as he believes they have succeeded where Christianity failed. Mohammed was able to â€Å"heal and redeem drunkards and junkies, to convert people who have come out of prison and keep them out, to make men chaste and women virtuous,† however Baldwin disagrees with one crucial aspect. The Nation of Islam allows for no integration between black and white.Mohammed sees the white population as â€Å"devils,† and links them to being sinners. Baldwin contends this, as he argues that if one is to adopt the theory that all white people are sinners, they open themselves to the â€Å"gates of paranoia,† as they become incapable of distinguishing between an actual threat and an imagined one. In a society that was so hostile towards blacks, Baldwin admits that this is an extremely hard trap to avoid, but he maintains it is necessary to try, because otherwise they will see all whites as an enemy, and will never integrate and build better relationships.Baldwin makes it clear to Mohammed that he has no intention of overthrowing the white population. He says to the table that given the choice between dying with his white and black friends, and living but at their expense, he would choose death. He thinks to himself â€Å"I love a few people and they love me, and some of them are white, and isn’t love more important tha n colour? † Again, Baldwin is using the religious imagery of the devil, the sinners and above all the black God to highlight the weaknesses and hypocrisies in the Nation of Islam’s ideologies.He is pushing forward his own courses of conduct; love and integration with both white and black. He sees no reason why there should not be a black God, but he believes that when a group attaches Him solely to their race, it becomes something else. It gives that God a new meaning, as it encourages His followers to hate the opposing race. He finds this on both sides, both with Christianity and Islam, and is ultimately unable to accept either doctrine. Baldwin sees a mirror image in the Nation of Islam’s treatment of white people, and their treatment of blacks. Harvey G.Simmons sees this, saying that Baldwin rejected the Nation of Islam because â€Å"its methods are infused with the same fanaticism and hatred that the Negro faces in white society. † James Baldwin uses r eligious imagery in The Fire Next Time in order to critique both the Christian church, and the Nation of Islam. He finds them both lacking, as he comes to the conclusion that neither advocates a policy that allows for an increase in co-operation between black and white people. Instead, they are insular, only caring for themselves and are unwilling to truly share the love of God with everyone, black or white.This is what Baldwin wants. He articulates his message in his letter to his nephew, saying that â€Å"you must accept them and accept them with love. For these innocent people have no other hope. They are, in effect, still trapped in a history which they do not understand; and until they understand it, they cannot be released from it. † He is using these essays to attempt to speak to the American public, to urge them to take a stand and speak out against the discrimination. Throughout My Dungeon Shook James uses the personal form of â€Å"I,† giving his letter perso nal emotional ties.It also makes his message more human, and helps establish empathy before his appeal in Down at the Cross. Down at the Cross uses terms such as ‘we Americans’ repeatedly, which shows that Baldwin is attempting to unite everyone, both black and white. For him, religion is short sighted and controlling, it doesn’t follow through with its promise that God loves everybody, because as Baldwin points out; â€Å"If His love was so great, and if He loved all his children, then were we, the blacks, cast down so far? Word Count – 1811 Baldwin, James, The Fire Next Time(London: Penguin, 1964) Bloom, Harold, James Baldwin (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007) Hardy, Clarence E. , James Baldwin's God: Sex, Hope, and Crisis in Black Holiness Culture (Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press, (2003) Pakrasi, B. , ‘Review: The Fire Next Time by James Baldwin,’ The Journal of Negro History, 50. 1 (1965) ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/2716413 ? amp;Search=yes;searchText=baldwin;searchText=%22the+fire+next+time%22;list=hide;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522the%2Bfire%2Bnext%2Btime%2522%2Bbaldwin%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don;prevSearch=;item=1;ttl=312;returnArticleService=showFullText; [accessed 20th November 2011] Simmons, Harvey P. , ‘James Baldwin and the Negro Conundrum,’ The Antioch Review, 23, 2 (1963) ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/4610523? seq=3;Search=yes;searchText=baldwin;searchText=%22the+fire+next+time%22;list=hide;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522the%2Bfire%2Bnex %2Btime%2522%2Bbaldwin%26gw%3Djtx%26acc%3Don%26prq%3D%2522the%2Bfire%2Bnext%2Btime%2522%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don;prevSearch=;item=2;ttl=312;returnArticleService=showFullText;resultsServiceName=null; [accessed 20th November 2011] ——————————————– [ 1 ]. James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (London: Penguin, 1964) [ 2 ]. Baldwin, p. 15 [ 3 ]. Baldwin, p. 62 [ 4 ]. Baldwin, p. 62 [ 5 ]. Baldwin, p 37 [ 6 ]. Baldwin, p. 60 [ 7 ]. B. Pakrasi, ‘Review: The Fire Next Time by James Baldwin,’ The Journal of Negro History, 50. (1965) p. 61 [ 8 ]. Baldwin, p. 35 [ 9 ]. Baldwin, p. 37 [ 10 ]. Baldwin, p. 36 [ 11 ]. Baldwin [ 12 ]. Baldwin, p. 58 [ 13 ]. Baldwin, p. 40 [ 14 ]. Baldwin, p. 41 [ 15 ]. Baldwin, p. 18 [ 16 ]. Baldwin, p. 39 [ 17 ]. Baldwin, p. 38 [ 18 ]. Pakrasi, p. 60-61 [ 19 ]. Baldwin, p. 64-65 [ 20 ]. Baldwin, p. 60 [ 21 ]. Baldwin, p. 61 [ 22 ]. Baldwin, p. 64 [ 23 ]. Harvey G. Simmons, ‘James Baldwin and the Negro Conundrum,’ The Antioch Review, 23, 2 (1963) p. 252 [ 24 ]. Baldwin, p. 16-17 [ 25 ]. Baldwin